“Friend” in every Philippine language
Friend across 9 languages, and what the differences tell you.
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Side by side
| Language | Friend |
|---|---|
| English | Friend |
| Tagalog | Kaibigan |
| Ilocano | Gayyem |
| Cebuano | Higala |
| Hiligaynon | Abyan |
| Waray | Sangkay |
| Bikol | Katood |
| Kapampangan | Kaluguran |
| Pangasinan | Kaaro |
What the pattern shows
Eight languages, eight unrelated words. Kapampangan 'kaluguran' doubles as a term of affection, which is why 'Kaluguran daka' means 'I love you'.
No two languages here use the same word. That is unusual even on this list, and it is the clearest possible answer to whether these are dialects of one another.
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Where this comes from
This row is one of 84 concept pages drawn from a parallel set of everyday vocabulary held across nine languages. You can browse all of them, download the whole set under CC BY-SA 4.0, or paste text to find out which language it is.
Compiled from published general reference and pending review by native speakers. If something here is wrong in a language you speak, please tell us.