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Free Ilocano and Tagalog translation

Tagalog to Pangasinan Phrasebook

217 everyday phrases, grouped by the situation you need them in. Compiled from published references rather than generated by a translation engine, and marked pending review until native speakers have confirmed it.

No. Speakers of Tagalog and Pangasinan cannot follow each other without having learned the other language. They share sentence structure and Spanish loanwords, which makes written text look more approachable than it is, and almost none of the high-frequency vocabulary.

Phrases
217
Categories
24
Cited sources
2
Pending review
217

Showing all 217 phrases across 24 categories.

Greetings

The opener changes in every one of these languages — this is the fastest way to tell them apart.

Greetings: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Magandang umagapending reviewMaabig ya kabuasanGood morningEvery one of these is literally 'good' + 'morning', and the word for 'good' is the giveaway: maayo in the Visayan languages, maupay in Waray, marhay in Bikol, mayap in Kapampangan, maabig in Pangasinan, naimbag in Ilocano.
Magandang haponpending reviewMaabig ya ngaremGood afternoon
Magandang gabipending reviewMaabig ya labiGood evening
Magandang arawpending reviewMaabig ya agewGood day
Kumusta ka?pending reviewKumusta ka?How are you?The one phrase that is effectively identical everywhere, because all eight borrowed it from Spanish '¿cómo está?'. Do not read that as evidence the languages are close.
Mabuti namanpending reviewMaabig akI'm fine

Courtesy

Thank you, sorry, yes and no.

Courtesy: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Salamatpending reviewSalamatThank youIlocano is the odd one out. 'Salamat' is understood in Ilocos, but 'agyamanak' — literally 'I am grateful' — is the native form and the one a speaker will use back to you.
Maraming salamatpending reviewDakel ya salamatThank you very muchThe intensifier is the tell: daghan (Cebuano), madamo (Hiligaynon), damo (Waray), dakula (Bikol), dakal (Kapampangan), dakel (Pangasinan) — all meaning 'many', none of them the Tagalog 'marami'.
Oopending reviewOnYesFour different words for yes across eight languages. Kapampangan 'wa' and Pangasinan 'on' are unrecognisable to a Tagalog speaker, and machine translation frequently passes them through untouched.
Hindipending reviewAndiNoIlocano also uses 'saan' for no, which is a genuine trap: 'saan' is 'where' in Tagalog. Hiligaynon 'indi' and Waray 'diri' look alike but Waray 'diri' collides with Hiligaynon 'diri', meaning 'here'.
Paumanhinpending reviewPasensya laSorryIn everyday speech 'sorry' and 'pasensya' are what most speakers actually say in all eight; the native forms above are what you will see written.

Introductions

Names and first meetings.

Introductions: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Ano ang pangalan mo?pending reviewAnto so ngaran mo?What is your name?Kapampangan shares no root here at all — 'nanu' for what, 'lagyu' for name — which is a fair summary of how far Central Luzon sits from everything else on this list.
Ang pangalan ko ay…pending reviewSay ngaran ko…My name is…
Taga-saan ka?pending reviewTaga-iner ka?Where are you from?Same frame, eight different question words bolted onto it. This single row is the clearest illustration of why machine translation between these languages fails: the shared 'taga-' makes the sentence look translatable while the word that carries the meaning is unique to each.

Understanding

Getting by when you do not follow.

Understanding: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Hindi ko naiintindihanpending reviewAg ko natatalosanI don't understand
Ano ito?pending reviewAnto ya?What is this?
Naiintindihan kopending reviewNatatalosan koI understand

Numbers

Native numerals one to ten, which diverge sharply between the Luzon and Visayan languages.

Numbers: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Isapending reviewSakeyOneCebuano and Waray 'usa' is a false friend of the highest order: in Tagalog 'usa' is a deer.
Dalawapending reviewDuaraTwo
Tatlopending reviewTaloraThree
Apatpending reviewApatiraFour
Limapending reviewLimaraFiveThe one numeral that survives intact across all eight — and in Pangasinan 'lima' is also the word for 'hand', which is where the numeral came from in the first place.
Animpending reviewAnemiraSix
Pitopending reviewPitoraSeven
Walopending reviewWaloraEight
Siyampending reviewSiamiraNine
Sampupending reviewSamploraTenPangasinan numerals carry a counting suffix -ra that none of the others use, so 'limara' and 'samplora' look longer than their neighbours for a structural reason rather than a phonetic one.
Labing-isapending reviewLabinsakeyElevenThree different strategies for building teens: Tagalog and Kapampangan prefix labing-, the Visayan languages say 'ten and one', and Bikol has a dedicated form (kagsaro).
Labindalawapending reviewLabinduaraTwelve
Dalawampupending reviewDuamploTwentyCebuano and Hiligaynon 'kaluhaan' bears no visible relation to their own word for two, duha. Waray's 'karuhaan' shows the same form after its regular l→r shift.
Tatlumpupending reviewTalomploThirty
Limampupending reviewLimamploFifty
Isang daanpending reviewSanlasusOne hundredKapampangan 'dinalan' and Pangasinan 'sanlasus' share nothing with the gatos/daan the rest use — another reminder that the Luzon languages are not a group.
Isang libopending reviewSanliboOne thousand

Question words

Who, what, where and when — the words that differ most and trip up readers most.

Question words: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Anopending reviewAntoWhat
Sinopending reviewSiopaWhoHiligaynon 'sin-o' and Waray 'hin-o' differ by a single consonant, and that s→h shift runs through the whole of Waray. It is the single most reliable way to tell the two apart.
Saanpending reviewInerWhereSeven distinct words. Cebuano 'asa' is a false friend in Tagalog, where it means to hope or depend on someone.
Kailanpending reviewKapiganWhen
Bakitpending reviewAkinWhyKapampangan 'baket' looks like Tagalog 'bakit' and means the same thing — but it is also the Ilocano word for an old woman or a wife, so the same string means two unrelated things depending on which language you are reading.
Magkano?pending reviewPigara?How much?
Ilan?pending reviewPigara?How many?Cebuano and Hiligaynon 'pila' means 'how many'. In Tagalog 'pila' is a queue — which makes 'Pila?' one of the most commonly misread words between Manila and Cebu.

Time & days

Today, tomorrow, day and night.

Time & days: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Ngayonpending reviewNatanToday
Bukaspending reviewNabuasTomorrowIlocano builds tomorrow out of 'bigat', the word for morning — the same root as in 'Naimbag a bigat'.
Arawpending reviewAgewDayIn the Visayan languages 'adlaw' is both the day and the sun. Tagalog keeps the same double meaning in 'araw'; Ilocano does not — 'aldaw' is the day and 'init' is the sun.
Gabipending reviewLabiNight
Linggopending reviewSimbaWeek
Taonpending reviewTaonYear
Lunespending reviewLunesMondayAll eight took the Spanish weekday names wholesale. Only Sunday diverges — see below.
Martespending reviewMartesTuesday
Miyerkulespending reviewMierkolesWednesday
Huwebespending reviewHuebesThursday
Biyernespending reviewBiernesFriday
Sabadopending reviewSabadoSaturday
Linggopending reviewSimbaSundayTagalog is the outlier: 'Linggo' where the rest kept 'Domingo'. Pangasinan went further and uses 'Simba', from the word for churchgoing — the same root Tagalog uses for the verb 'to attend mass'.
Umagapending reviewKabuasanMorning
Oraspending reviewOrasHour

Family & people

Relationships and forms of address.

Family & people: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Inapending reviewInaMotherKapampangan 'ima' is a mother; Ilocano 'ima' is a hand. Two Luzon languages a hundred kilometres apart, same three letters, nothing in common.
Amapending reviewAmaFather
Nanaypending reviewNanayMum
Tataypending reviewTatayDad
Anakpending reviewAnakChild'Anak' is the offspring relationship in all eight; Bikol 'aki' is the exception and is a child in general.
Kapatidpending reviewAgiSiblingSix unrelated roots. Only Tagalog 'kapatid' and Kapampangan 'kapatad' match, and that is a loan rather than shared inheritance.
Lolapending reviewBaiGrandmother
Lolopending reviewLakiGrandfatherPangasinan 'laki' is a grandfather. In Tagalog, Cebuano and most of the rest, 'lalaki' is simply a man — close enough to mislead.
Kaibiganpending reviewKaaroFriendEight languages, eight unrelated words. Kapampangan 'kaluguran' doubles as a term of affection, which is why 'Kaluguran daka' means 'I love you'.
Lalakipending reviewLakiMan
Babaepending reviewBiiWoman
Asawapending reviewAsawaSpouse'Asawa' covers husband and wife alike in seven of the eight — the sex of the spouse is not marked. Bikol 'agom' is the odd one out.
Pangalanpending reviewNgaranName
Tiyopending reviewUlitegUncle
Tiyapending reviewIkitAunt

Food & eating

Meals, ingredients and asking for them.

Food & eating: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Bigaspending reviewBelasRice (uncooked)All eight distinguish uncooked grain from cooked rice with separate words — a distinction English has to spell out.
Isdapending reviewSiraFishBikol and Pangasinan 'sira' is a fish. In Tagalog and Cebuano 'sira' means broken or spoiled — so a Bikolano menu can read alarmingly to a Manila reader.
Karnepending reviewKarneMeat
Manokpending reviewManokChicken
Baboypending reviewBaboyPig
Itlogpending reviewIknolEggOne of the sharpest splits in this file. 'Itlog' covers Tagalog through Hiligaynon, then Waray, Bikol, Kapampangan and Pangasinan each go their own way entirely.
Asinpending reviewAsinSaltThe province of Pangasinan is named for this word — 'pang-asin-an', the place where salt is made.
Gulaypending reviewPisingVegetable
Kumainpending reviewManganTo eatIlocano, Kapampangan and Pangasinan all use 'mangan' — a genuine Luzon isogloss, and one of the very few things the three share against the Visayan 'kaon'.
Gutom na akopending reviewNaerasan akI'm hungry
Masarappending reviewMasamitDeliciousEight languages, eight unrelated words for the same compliment. If you learn one word from this list, learn the local one for this.
Asukalpending reviewAsukalSugar
Sagingpending reviewSabaBanana
Niyogpending reviewNiyogCoconut
Manggapending reviewManggaMango
Maispending reviewMaisCorn
Bawangpending reviewBawangGarlicThe Visayan languages took the Spanish 'ajos'; the Luzon languages kept the native 'bawang'.
Sabawpending reviewSabawSoup, broth
Matamispending reviewMasamitSweet
Maglutopending reviewManlutoTo cook
Kutsarapending reviewKutsaraSpoon

Drinks

Water, coffee and what to order.

Drinks: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Tubigpending reviewDanumWaterThe Luzon/Visayan split in one word: danum in the north, tubig everywhere else. Tagalog sides with the Visayan languages here despite sitting on Luzon.
Kapepending reviewKapeCoffee
Gataspending reviewGatasMilk
Uminompending reviewOninumTo drink

Market & money

Prices, haggling, paying.

Market & money: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Perapending reviewKuartaMoneyTagalog took 'pera' from Spanish 'perra'; everything north and south of it took 'cuarta' instead. The two are not interchangeable outside Manila.
Mahalpending reviewMabliExpensiveIn Tagalog 'mahal' means both expensive and beloved. Ilocano keeps them apart — 'nangina' for costly, 'ay-ayat' for love — so the pun does not survive translation.
Bumilipending reviewManaliwTo buyCebuano 'palit' is to buy; in Tagalog 'palit' is to exchange or swap. Same root, opposite ends of a transaction.
Palengkepending reviewTindaanMarket
Magkano ito?pending reviewPigaray?How much is this?
Magbentapending reviewManlakoTo sell

Directions

Left, right, here, there and how far.

Directions: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Kaliwapending reviewKawigiLeftThe most dangerous word on this page. 'Wala' means left in four of these languages and 'none' in Tagalog — so a Tagalog speaker hearing directions in Cebu can understand the sentence and take the wrong turn.
Kananpending reviewKawananRight
Ditopending reviewDiaHereHiligaynon 'diri' is 'here'. Waray 'diri' is 'not'. The two languages are neighbours and this pair catches people constantly.
Doonpending reviewDimanThere
Malayopending reviewArawiFar
Malapitpending reviewAsinggerNear
Pumuntapending reviewOnlaTo go
Diretsopending reviewDiretsoStraight ahead
Taaspending reviewTageyUp
Babapending reviewLeksabDown

Health & emergency

The phrases worth knowing before you need them.

Health & emergency: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Tulong!pending reviewTulong!Help!Worth memorising the local form before you need it. Cebuano 'tabang' is help; Hiligaynon 'tab-ang' is bland or tasteless, which is a poor thing to shout.
Doktorpending reviewDoktorDoctor
Ospitalpending reviewOspitalHospital
May sakit akopending reviewMasakit akI am sick
Pulispending reviewPulisPolice

The body

Head to foot, where several of these languages share nothing at all.

The body: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Ulopending reviewUloHeadBikol 'payo' is a head. In Tagalog 'payo' is advice — which makes it one of the neatest false friends in the country.
Matapending reviewMataEye
Kamaypending reviewLimaHandThree separate traps in one row: Ilocano 'ima' is Kapampangan for mother, Visayan 'kamot' is Tagalog for scratching, and Pangasinan 'lima' is the numeral five in every other language here.
Paapending reviewSaliFoot
Tiyanpending reviewEgesStomach
Buhokpending reviewBuekHair
Taingapending reviewLayagEar
Ilongpending reviewElengNose
Ngipinpending reviewNgipenTooth
Dugopending reviewDalaBloodIlocano and Kapampangan both say 'daya' for blood — and in Tagalog and Cebuano the same word means cheating. Worth care in any medical setting.
Pusopending reviewPusoHeart

Nature & weather

Sun, rain, sea and mountain.

Nature & weather: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Arawpending reviewAgewSunIlocano 'init' is the sun; Tagalog 'init' is heat. Related idea, different part of speech, and machine translation routinely mixes the two.
Buwanpending reviewBulanMoonSeven of the eight kept 'bulan'; Tagalog alone shifted the l to w. The same word means 'month' in all of them.
Bituinpending reviewBitewenStar
Ulanpending reviewUranRainIlocano is alone here. 'Tudo' shares nothing with the ulan/uran the other seven use.
Dagatpending reviewDayatSea
Bundokpending reviewPalandeyMountainTwo traps at once. Ilocano 'bantay' is a mountain; in Tagalog it is a guard. Visayan 'bukid' is a mountain; in Tagalog 'bukid' is a field or farm.
Bahaypending reviewAbungHouse
Apoypending reviewApoyFireVisayan 'kalayo' is fire; Tagalog 'kalayo' would be parsed as 'distance'. The Luzon languages all keep apoy/apuy.
Ilogpending reviewIlogRiverWaray and Bikol 'salog' looks close to Tagalog 'ilog' but is a separate root — and in Cebuano 'salog' is a floor.
Lupapending reviewDalinLand, soilSix unrelated roots for the ground under your feet, and Ilocano 'daga' collides head-on with Tagalog, where it means a rat.
Punopending reviewKiewTree
Batopending reviewBatoStone
Hanginpending reviewDagemWind
Langitpending reviewTawenSkyPangasinan 'tawen' is the sky; Ilocano 'tawen' is a year. Two Northern Luzon languages, one word, no shared meaning.
Lindolpending reviewYegyegEarthquake
Bagyopending reviewBagyoTyphoon

Describing things

Big, small, good, beautiful.

Describing things: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Malakipending reviewBalegBig
Maliitpending reviewMelagSmall
Mabutipending reviewMaabigGood
Masamapending reviewMaugesBad
Magandapending reviewMarakepBeautifulBikol 'magayon' is the root behind Mayon, the volcano. Waray 'mahusay' means beautiful; in Tagalog the same word means skilled or well-arranged.
Mainitpending reviewAmpetangHot
Malamigpending reviewAmbetelCold
Mabilispending reviewMaplesFast
Bagopending reviewBaloNew
Lumapending reviewDaanOld (of a thing)Ilocano and the Visayan languages use 'daan' for old — the same string Tagalog uses for a road.
Matandapending reviewMasikenOld (of a person)Ilocano 'lakay' is an old man specifically; 'baket' is the word for an old woman, and that one collides with Kapampangan 'baket', meaning why.
Maramipending reviewDakelMany
Kauntipending reviewDaisetFew
Mahabapending reviewAndukeyLong
Maiklipending reviewAntikeyShort
Mabigatpending reviewAmbelatHeavy
Malinispending reviewMalinisClean
Marumipending reviewMarutakDirty

Feelings

Saying how you are, and how you feel about someone.

Feelings: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Mahal kitapending reviewInaro ta kaI love youEight languages and eight completely different verbs. This row alone answers the question of whether Philippine languages are 'dialects of each other'.
Masayapending reviewMaliketHappy
Malungkotpending reviewMaermenSad
Pagodpending reviewNaksawanTired
Galitpending reviewPasnokAngry
Takotpending reviewAntakotAfraid

Colours

Basic colour terms.

Colours: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Pulapending reviewAmbalangaRed
Putipending reviewAmputiWhite
Itimpending reviewAndeketBlackKapampangan 'matuling' is black. Tagalog 'matulin' — one letter apart — means fast.
Asulpending reviewAsulBlue
Dilawpending reviewDuyawYellow
Berdepending reviewBerdeGreenOnly Kapampangan kept a native word. The other seven took the Spanish 'verde' and never replaced it.

Everyday verbs

The actions that carry most sentences.

Everyday verbs: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Matulogpending reviewOnugipTo sleep
Makitapending reviewNengnengTo see
Sabihinpending reviewIbagaTo sayIlocano and Pangasinan share 'ibaga' — but in Tagalog 'baga' is an ember, and in Ilocano it is the colour red.
Alampending reviewAmtaTo know
Gustopending reviewLabayTo wantKapampangan 'buri' is to want or like. In Tagalog 'buri' is a species of palm.
Magbigaypending reviewMangiterTo give
Magtrabahopending reviewMankimeyTo work
Maglakadpending reviewManakarTo walk
Magsalitapending reviewMansalitaTo speakThe Visayan languages disagree with each other completely here — sulti, hambal, yakan — which is a useful corrective to the idea that they are one language.
Sumulatpending reviewMansulatTo write
Magbasapending reviewManbasaTo read

Months

The Spanish-derived month names, and where the spellings part company.

Months: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Eneropending reviewEneroJanuaryThe month names are Spanish in all eight languages. What varies is spelling: Tagalog respells the Spanish f as p (Pebrero), while several of the others keep Febrero.
Pebreropending reviewPebreroFebruary
Marsopending reviewMarsoMarch
Abrilpending reviewAbrilApril
Mayopending reviewMayoMay
Hunyopending reviewHunioJune
Hulyopending reviewHulioJuly
Agostopending reviewAgostoAugust
Setyembrepending reviewSetiembreSeptember
Oktubrepending reviewOktubreOctober
Nobyembrepending reviewNobiembreNovember
Disyembrepending reviewDisiembreDecember

Getting around

Roads, boats, jeepneys and how to get off one.

Getting around: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Daanpending reviewDalanRoadSeven of the eight use 'dalan'. Tagalog's 'daan' is the same root worn down, and Bikol went its own way with 'tinampo'.
Bangkapending reviewBalotoBoat
Kotsepending reviewLugananCar
Sumakaypending reviewOnluganTo ride
Saan ka pupunta?pending reviewIner so laen mo?Where are you going?

Somewhere to stay

Rooms, doors, keys — a category where almost nothing carries between languages.

Somewhere to stay: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Pintopending reviewPuertaDoor
Bintanapending reviewBintanaWindowIlocano 'tawa' is a window. In Tagalog it is laughter.
Kuwartopending reviewKuartoRoom

Things to buy

Everyday items you might need to ask for.

Things to buy: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Damitpending reviewKawesClothes
Sapatospending reviewSapatosShoes
Sabonpending reviewSabonSoap
Libropending reviewLibroBook
Papelpending reviewPapelPaper

Animals

Everyday creatures, and several of the sharpest false friends on the site.

Animals: Tagalog phrases with Pangasinan and English translations
TagalogPangasinanEnglish
Asopending reviewAsoDogFour unrelated words for the commonest domestic animal. Worth pairing with the Cebuano trap: 'aso' means smoke there, so the Tagalog word for dog is a real Cebuano word meaning something else entirely.
Pusapending reviewPusaCat
Kalabawpending reviewDuegCarabaoThe national animal, and three of the eight have their own word for it — Ilocano nuang, Kapampangan damulag, Pangasinan dueg.
Kambingpending reviewKandingGoat
Bakapending reviewBakaCow
Kabayopending reviewKabayoHorse
Ahaspending reviewUlegSnakeFive unrelated words, and the one worth memorising before you need it. Ilocano and Pangasinan share 'uleg', which is unusual — the two rarely agree.

Words that trap you

These exist in both languages but mean different things. They are where confident readers get caught, and where machine translation is least reliable.

  • sirahigh risk
    In Tagalog
    Broken, spoiled, ruined.
    In Pangasinan
    Fish.

    A menu or a market sign reads completely differently depending on which language you assume.

  • limahigh risk
    In Tagalog
    Five.
    In Pangasinan
    A hand. The numeral five is limara.

    The numeral came from the word for hand originally, and Pangasinan is the one language here that kept the older sense alongside the newer one.

  • akin
    In Tagalog
    Mine.
    In Pangasinan
    Why.

    Both are extremely common function words, so this turns up in short sentences where there is no context to disambiguate.

  • labi
    In Tagalog
    Lips; also leftover or excess.
    In Pangasinan
    Night.

    Pangasinan labi is a time of day; the Tagalog senses are a body part and an excess.

  • laki
    In Tagalog
    Size, largeness.
    In Pangasinan
    A grandfather.

    Tagalog laki is an abstract noun; Pangasinan laki is a person.

  • daan
    In Tagalog
    A road; also 'hundred'.
    In Pangasinan
    Old, of a thing.

    Tagalog daan is a road; almost everywhere else it means old. Directions and descriptions get swapped.

  • simba
    In Tagalog
    To attend mass, to worship.
    In Pangasinan
    A week.

    Both descend from the Sunday-to-week association, but only Pangasinan generalised it to the seven-day span.

  • sali
    In Tagalog
    To join, to take part.
    In Pangasinan
    A foot.

    A body part in Pangasinan and a verb in Tagalog, so the two rarely occupy the same slot — but machine output mixes them anyway.

How often the machine gets these right

We ran 217 Tagalog entries from the phrasebook below through the same engine this site uses, and compared each result against the human-written Pangasinan. Categories are our own; the comparison ignores punctuation and casing. Neither Tagalog nor Pangasinan is well resourced and the engine routes between them through English, so this measures two stacked translations rather than one.

Machine output matched or came close to the human Pangasinan for 72.4% of 217 phrases. The rest were partly or entirely wrong.

Least reliable

  • Market & money17%
  • Everyday verbs27%
  • Directions50%
  • Months50%
  • Family & people60%

Most reliable

  • Things to buy100%
  • Colours100%
  • Nature & weather100%

Sources

Last updated 2026-08-06. 217 entries are marked “pending review” — carried on general reference and awaiting confirmation from a native speaker.