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Pangasinan to Tagalog Phrasebook

217 everyday phrases, grouped by the situation you need them in. Compiled from published references rather than generated by a translation engine, and marked pending review until native speakers have confirmed it.

No. Speakers of Pangasinan and Tagalog cannot follow each other without having learned the other language. They share sentence structure and Spanish loanwords, which makes written text look more approachable than it is, and almost none of the high-frequency vocabulary.

Phrases
217
Categories
24
Cited sources
2
Pending review
217

Showing all 217 phrases across 24 categories.

Greetings

The opener changes in every one of these languages — this is the fastest way to tell them apart.

Greetings: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Maabig ya kabuasanpending reviewMagandang umagaGood morningEvery one of these is literally 'good' + 'morning', and the word for 'good' is the giveaway: maayo in the Visayan languages, maupay in Waray, marhay in Bikol, mayap in Kapampangan, maabig in Pangasinan, naimbag in Ilocano.
Maabig ya ngarempending reviewMagandang haponGood afternoon
Maabig ya labipending reviewMagandang gabiGood evening
Maabig ya agewpending reviewMagandang arawGood day
Kumusta ka?pending reviewKumusta ka?How are you?The one phrase that is effectively identical everywhere, because all eight borrowed it from Spanish '¿cómo está?'. Do not read that as evidence the languages are close.
Maabig akpending reviewMabuti namanI'm fine

Courtesy

Thank you, sorry, yes and no.

Courtesy: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Salamatpending reviewSalamatThank youIlocano is the odd one out. 'Salamat' is understood in Ilocos, but 'agyamanak' — literally 'I am grateful' — is the native form and the one a speaker will use back to you.
Dakel ya salamatpending reviewMaraming salamatThank you very muchThe intensifier is the tell: daghan (Cebuano), madamo (Hiligaynon), damo (Waray), dakula (Bikol), dakal (Kapampangan), dakel (Pangasinan) — all meaning 'many', none of them the Tagalog 'marami'.
Onpending reviewOoYesFour different words for yes across eight languages. Kapampangan 'wa' and Pangasinan 'on' are unrecognisable to a Tagalog speaker, and machine translation frequently passes them through untouched.
Andipending reviewHindiNoIlocano also uses 'saan' for no, which is a genuine trap: 'saan' is 'where' in Tagalog. Hiligaynon 'indi' and Waray 'diri' look alike but Waray 'diri' collides with Hiligaynon 'diri', meaning 'here'.
Pasensya lapending reviewPaumanhinSorryIn everyday speech 'sorry' and 'pasensya' are what most speakers actually say in all eight; the native forms above are what you will see written.

Introductions

Names and first meetings.

Introductions: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Anto so ngaran mo?pending reviewAno ang pangalan mo?What is your name?Kapampangan shares no root here at all — 'nanu' for what, 'lagyu' for name — which is a fair summary of how far Central Luzon sits from everything else on this list.
Say ngaran ko…pending reviewAng pangalan ko ay…My name is…
Taga-iner ka?pending reviewTaga-saan ka?Where are you from?Same frame, eight different question words bolted onto it. This single row is the clearest illustration of why machine translation between these languages fails: the shared 'taga-' makes the sentence look translatable while the word that carries the meaning is unique to each.

Understanding

Getting by when you do not follow.

Understanding: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Ag ko natatalosanpending reviewHindi ko naiintindihanI don't understand
Anto ya?pending reviewAno ito?What is this?
Natatalosan kopending reviewNaiintindihan koI understand

Numbers

Native numerals one to ten, which diverge sharply between the Luzon and Visayan languages.

Numbers: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Sakeypending reviewIsaOneCebuano and Waray 'usa' is a false friend of the highest order: in Tagalog 'usa' is a deer.
Duarapending reviewDalawaTwo
Talorapending reviewTatloThree
Apatirapending reviewApatFour
Limarapending reviewLimaFiveThe one numeral that survives intact across all eight — and in Pangasinan 'lima' is also the word for 'hand', which is where the numeral came from in the first place.
Anemirapending reviewAnimSix
Pitorapending reviewPitoSeven
Walorapending reviewWaloEight
Siamirapending reviewSiyamNine
Samplorapending reviewSampuTenPangasinan numerals carry a counting suffix -ra that none of the others use, so 'limara' and 'samplora' look longer than their neighbours for a structural reason rather than a phonetic one.
Labinsakeypending reviewLabing-isaElevenThree different strategies for building teens: Tagalog and Kapampangan prefix labing-, the Visayan languages say 'ten and one', and Bikol has a dedicated form (kagsaro).
Labinduarapending reviewLabindalawaTwelve
Duamplopending reviewDalawampuTwentyCebuano and Hiligaynon 'kaluhaan' bears no visible relation to their own word for two, duha. Waray's 'karuhaan' shows the same form after its regular l→r shift.
Talomplopending reviewTatlumpuThirty
Limamplopending reviewLimampuFifty
Sanlasuspending reviewIsang daanOne hundredKapampangan 'dinalan' and Pangasinan 'sanlasus' share nothing with the gatos/daan the rest use — another reminder that the Luzon languages are not a group.
Sanlibopending reviewIsang liboOne thousand

Question words

Who, what, where and when — the words that differ most and trip up readers most.

Question words: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Antopending reviewAnoWhat
Siopapending reviewSinoWhoHiligaynon 'sin-o' and Waray 'hin-o' differ by a single consonant, and that s→h shift runs through the whole of Waray. It is the single most reliable way to tell the two apart.
Inerpending reviewSaanWhereSeven distinct words. Cebuano 'asa' is a false friend in Tagalog, where it means to hope or depend on someone.
Kapiganpending reviewKailanWhen
Akinpending reviewBakitWhyKapampangan 'baket' looks like Tagalog 'bakit' and means the same thing — but it is also the Ilocano word for an old woman or a wife, so the same string means two unrelated things depending on which language you are reading.
Pigara?pending reviewMagkano?How much?
Pigara?pending reviewIlan?How many?Cebuano and Hiligaynon 'pila' means 'how many'. In Tagalog 'pila' is a queue — which makes 'Pila?' one of the most commonly misread words between Manila and Cebu.

Time & days

Today, tomorrow, day and night.

Time & days: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Natanpending reviewNgayonToday
Nabuaspending reviewBukasTomorrowIlocano builds tomorrow out of 'bigat', the word for morning — the same root as in 'Naimbag a bigat'.
Agewpending reviewArawDayIn the Visayan languages 'adlaw' is both the day and the sun. Tagalog keeps the same double meaning in 'araw'; Ilocano does not — 'aldaw' is the day and 'init' is the sun.
Labipending reviewGabiNight
Simbapending reviewLinggoWeek
Taonpending reviewTaonYear
Lunespending reviewLunesMondayAll eight took the Spanish weekday names wholesale. Only Sunday diverges — see below.
Martespending reviewMartesTuesday
Mierkolespending reviewMiyerkulesWednesday
Huebespending reviewHuwebesThursday
Biernespending reviewBiyernesFriday
Sabadopending reviewSabadoSaturday
Simbapending reviewLinggoSundayTagalog is the outlier: 'Linggo' where the rest kept 'Domingo'. Pangasinan went further and uses 'Simba', from the word for churchgoing — the same root Tagalog uses for the verb 'to attend mass'.
Kabuasanpending reviewUmagaMorning
Oraspending reviewOrasHour

Family & people

Relationships and forms of address.

Family & people: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Inapending reviewInaMotherKapampangan 'ima' is a mother; Ilocano 'ima' is a hand. Two Luzon languages a hundred kilometres apart, same three letters, nothing in common.
Amapending reviewAmaFather
Nanaypending reviewNanayMum
Tataypending reviewTatayDad
Anakpending reviewAnakChild'Anak' is the offspring relationship in all eight; Bikol 'aki' is the exception and is a child in general.
Agipending reviewKapatidSiblingSix unrelated roots. Only Tagalog 'kapatid' and Kapampangan 'kapatad' match, and that is a loan rather than shared inheritance.
Baipending reviewLolaGrandmother
Lakipending reviewLoloGrandfatherPangasinan 'laki' is a grandfather. In Tagalog, Cebuano and most of the rest, 'lalaki' is simply a man — close enough to mislead.
Kaaropending reviewKaibiganFriendEight languages, eight unrelated words. Kapampangan 'kaluguran' doubles as a term of affection, which is why 'Kaluguran daka' means 'I love you'.
Lakipending reviewLalakiMan
Biipending reviewBabaeWoman
Asawapending reviewAsawaSpouse'Asawa' covers husband and wife alike in seven of the eight — the sex of the spouse is not marked. Bikol 'agom' is the odd one out.
Ngaranpending reviewPangalanName
Ulitegpending reviewTiyoUncle
Ikitpending reviewTiyaAunt

Food & eating

Meals, ingredients and asking for them.

Food & eating: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Belaspending reviewBigasRice (uncooked)All eight distinguish uncooked grain from cooked rice with separate words — a distinction English has to spell out.
Sirapending reviewIsdaFishBikol and Pangasinan 'sira' is a fish. In Tagalog and Cebuano 'sira' means broken or spoiled — so a Bikolano menu can read alarmingly to a Manila reader.
Karnepending reviewKarneMeat
Manokpending reviewManokChicken
Baboypending reviewBaboyPig
Iknolpending reviewItlogEggOne of the sharpest splits in this file. 'Itlog' covers Tagalog through Hiligaynon, then Waray, Bikol, Kapampangan and Pangasinan each go their own way entirely.
Asinpending reviewAsinSaltThe province of Pangasinan is named for this word — 'pang-asin-an', the place where salt is made.
Pisingpending reviewGulayVegetable
Manganpending reviewKumainTo eatIlocano, Kapampangan and Pangasinan all use 'mangan' — a genuine Luzon isogloss, and one of the very few things the three share against the Visayan 'kaon'.
Naerasan akpending reviewGutom na akoI'm hungry
Masamitpending reviewMasarapDeliciousEight languages, eight unrelated words for the same compliment. If you learn one word from this list, learn the local one for this.
Asukalpending reviewAsukalSugar
Sabapending reviewSagingBanana
Niyogpending reviewNiyogCoconut
Manggapending reviewManggaMango
Maispending reviewMaisCorn
Bawangpending reviewBawangGarlicThe Visayan languages took the Spanish 'ajos'; the Luzon languages kept the native 'bawang'.
Sabawpending reviewSabawSoup, broth
Masamitpending reviewMatamisSweet
Manlutopending reviewMaglutoTo cook
Kutsarapending reviewKutsaraSpoon

Drinks

Water, coffee and what to order.

Drinks: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Danumpending reviewTubigWaterThe Luzon/Visayan split in one word: danum in the north, tubig everywhere else. Tagalog sides with the Visayan languages here despite sitting on Luzon.
Kapepending reviewKapeCoffee
Gataspending reviewGatasMilk
Oninumpending reviewUminomTo drink

Market & money

Prices, haggling, paying.

Market & money: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Kuartapending reviewPeraMoneyTagalog took 'pera' from Spanish 'perra'; everything north and south of it took 'cuarta' instead. The two are not interchangeable outside Manila.
Mablipending reviewMahalExpensiveIn Tagalog 'mahal' means both expensive and beloved. Ilocano keeps them apart — 'nangina' for costly, 'ay-ayat' for love — so the pun does not survive translation.
Manaliwpending reviewBumiliTo buyCebuano 'palit' is to buy; in Tagalog 'palit' is to exchange or swap. Same root, opposite ends of a transaction.
Tindaanpending reviewPalengkeMarket
Pigaray?pending reviewMagkano ito?How much is this?
Manlakopending reviewMagbentaTo sell

Directions

Left, right, here, there and how far.

Directions: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Kawigipending reviewKaliwaLeftThe most dangerous word on this page. 'Wala' means left in four of these languages and 'none' in Tagalog — so a Tagalog speaker hearing directions in Cebu can understand the sentence and take the wrong turn.
Kawananpending reviewKananRight
Diapending reviewDitoHereHiligaynon 'diri' is 'here'. Waray 'diri' is 'not'. The two languages are neighbours and this pair catches people constantly.
Dimanpending reviewDoonThere
Arawipending reviewMalayoFar
Asinggerpending reviewMalapitNear
Onlapending reviewPumuntaTo go
Diretsopending reviewDiretsoStraight ahead
Tageypending reviewTaasUp
Leksabpending reviewBabaDown

Health & emergency

The phrases worth knowing before you need them.

Health & emergency: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Tulong!pending reviewTulong!Help!Worth memorising the local form before you need it. Cebuano 'tabang' is help; Hiligaynon 'tab-ang' is bland or tasteless, which is a poor thing to shout.
Doktorpending reviewDoktorDoctor
Ospitalpending reviewOspitalHospital
Masakit akpending reviewMay sakit akoI am sick
Pulispending reviewPulisPolice

The body

Head to foot, where several of these languages share nothing at all.

The body: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Ulopending reviewUloHeadBikol 'payo' is a head. In Tagalog 'payo' is advice — which makes it one of the neatest false friends in the country.
Matapending reviewMataEye
Limapending reviewKamayHandThree separate traps in one row: Ilocano 'ima' is Kapampangan for mother, Visayan 'kamot' is Tagalog for scratching, and Pangasinan 'lima' is the numeral five in every other language here.
Salipending reviewPaaFoot
Egespending reviewTiyanStomach
Buekpending reviewBuhokHair
Layagpending reviewTaingaEar
Elengpending reviewIlongNose
Ngipenpending reviewNgipinTooth
Dalapending reviewDugoBloodIlocano and Kapampangan both say 'daya' for blood — and in Tagalog and Cebuano the same word means cheating. Worth care in any medical setting.
Pusopending reviewPusoHeart

Nature & weather

Sun, rain, sea and mountain.

Nature & weather: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Agewpending reviewArawSunIlocano 'init' is the sun; Tagalog 'init' is heat. Related idea, different part of speech, and machine translation routinely mixes the two.
Bulanpending reviewBuwanMoonSeven of the eight kept 'bulan'; Tagalog alone shifted the l to w. The same word means 'month' in all of them.
Bitewenpending reviewBituinStar
Uranpending reviewUlanRainIlocano is alone here. 'Tudo' shares nothing with the ulan/uran the other seven use.
Dayatpending reviewDagatSea
Palandeypending reviewBundokMountainTwo traps at once. Ilocano 'bantay' is a mountain; in Tagalog it is a guard. Visayan 'bukid' is a mountain; in Tagalog 'bukid' is a field or farm.
Abungpending reviewBahayHouse
Apoypending reviewApoyFireVisayan 'kalayo' is fire; Tagalog 'kalayo' would be parsed as 'distance'. The Luzon languages all keep apoy/apuy.
Ilogpending reviewIlogRiverWaray and Bikol 'salog' looks close to Tagalog 'ilog' but is a separate root — and in Cebuano 'salog' is a floor.
Dalinpending reviewLupaLand, soilSix unrelated roots for the ground under your feet, and Ilocano 'daga' collides head-on with Tagalog, where it means a rat.
Kiewpending reviewPunoTree
Batopending reviewBatoStone
Dagempending reviewHanginWind
Tawenpending reviewLangitSkyPangasinan 'tawen' is the sky; Ilocano 'tawen' is a year. Two Northern Luzon languages, one word, no shared meaning.
Yegyegpending reviewLindolEarthquake
Bagyopending reviewBagyoTyphoon

Describing things

Big, small, good, beautiful.

Describing things: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Balegpending reviewMalakiBig
Melagpending reviewMaliitSmall
Maabigpending reviewMabutiGood
Maugespending reviewMasamaBad
Marakeppending reviewMagandaBeautifulBikol 'magayon' is the root behind Mayon, the volcano. Waray 'mahusay' means beautiful; in Tagalog the same word means skilled or well-arranged.
Ampetangpending reviewMainitHot
Ambetelpending reviewMalamigCold
Maplespending reviewMabilisFast
Balopending reviewBagoNew
Daanpending reviewLumaOld (of a thing)Ilocano and the Visayan languages use 'daan' for old — the same string Tagalog uses for a road.
Masikenpending reviewMatandaOld (of a person)Ilocano 'lakay' is an old man specifically; 'baket' is the word for an old woman, and that one collides with Kapampangan 'baket', meaning why.
Dakelpending reviewMaramiMany
Daisetpending reviewKauntiFew
Andukeypending reviewMahabaLong
Antikeypending reviewMaikliShort
Ambelatpending reviewMabigatHeavy
Malinispending reviewMalinisClean
Marutakpending reviewMarumiDirty

Feelings

Saying how you are, and how you feel about someone.

Feelings: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Inaro ta kapending reviewMahal kitaI love youEight languages and eight completely different verbs. This row alone answers the question of whether Philippine languages are 'dialects of each other'.
Maliketpending reviewMasayaHappy
Maermenpending reviewMalungkotSad
Naksawanpending reviewPagodTired
Pasnokpending reviewGalitAngry
Antakotpending reviewTakotAfraid

Colours

Basic colour terms.

Colours: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Ambalangapending reviewPulaRed
Amputipending reviewPutiWhite
Andeketpending reviewItimBlackKapampangan 'matuling' is black. Tagalog 'matulin' — one letter apart — means fast.
Asulpending reviewAsulBlue
Duyawpending reviewDilawYellow
Berdepending reviewBerdeGreenOnly Kapampangan kept a native word. The other seven took the Spanish 'verde' and never replaced it.

Everyday verbs

The actions that carry most sentences.

Everyday verbs: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Onugippending reviewMatulogTo sleep
Nengnengpending reviewMakitaTo see
Ibagapending reviewSabihinTo sayIlocano and Pangasinan share 'ibaga' — but in Tagalog 'baga' is an ember, and in Ilocano it is the colour red.
Amtapending reviewAlamTo know
Labaypending reviewGustoTo wantKapampangan 'buri' is to want or like. In Tagalog 'buri' is a species of palm.
Mangiterpending reviewMagbigayTo give
Mankimeypending reviewMagtrabahoTo work
Manakarpending reviewMaglakadTo walk
Mansalitapending reviewMagsalitaTo speakThe Visayan languages disagree with each other completely here — sulti, hambal, yakan — which is a useful corrective to the idea that they are one language.
Mansulatpending reviewSumulatTo write
Manbasapending reviewMagbasaTo read

Months

The Spanish-derived month names, and where the spellings part company.

Months: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Eneropending reviewEneroJanuaryThe month names are Spanish in all eight languages. What varies is spelling: Tagalog respells the Spanish f as p (Pebrero), while several of the others keep Febrero.
Pebreropending reviewPebreroFebruary
Marsopending reviewMarsoMarch
Abrilpending reviewAbrilApril
Mayopending reviewMayoMay
Huniopending reviewHunyoJune
Huliopending reviewHulyoJuly
Agostopending reviewAgostoAugust
Setiembrepending reviewSetyembreSeptember
Oktubrepending reviewOktubreOctober
Nobiembrepending reviewNobyembreNovember
Disiembrepending reviewDisyembreDecember

Getting around

Roads, boats, jeepneys and how to get off one.

Getting around: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Dalanpending reviewDaanRoadSeven of the eight use 'dalan'. Tagalog's 'daan' is the same root worn down, and Bikol went its own way with 'tinampo'.
Balotopending reviewBangkaBoat
Lugananpending reviewKotseCar
Onluganpending reviewSumakayTo ride
Iner so laen mo?pending reviewSaan ka pupunta?Where are you going?

Somewhere to stay

Rooms, doors, keys — a category where almost nothing carries between languages.

Somewhere to stay: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Puertapending reviewPintoDoor
Bintanapending reviewBintanaWindowIlocano 'tawa' is a window. In Tagalog it is laughter.
Kuartopending reviewKuwartoRoom

Things to buy

Everyday items you might need to ask for.

Things to buy: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Kawespending reviewDamitClothes
Sapatospending reviewSapatosShoes
Sabonpending reviewSabonSoap
Libropending reviewLibroBook
Papelpending reviewPapelPaper

Animals

Everyday creatures, and several of the sharpest false friends on the site.

Animals: Pangasinan phrases with Tagalog and English translations
PangasinanTagalogEnglish
Asopending reviewAsoDogFour unrelated words for the commonest domestic animal. Worth pairing with the Cebuano trap: 'aso' means smoke there, so the Tagalog word for dog is a real Cebuano word meaning something else entirely.
Pusapending reviewPusaCat
Duegpending reviewKalabawCarabaoThe national animal, and three of the eight have their own word for it — Ilocano nuang, Kapampangan damulag, Pangasinan dueg.
Kandingpending reviewKambingGoat
Bakapending reviewBakaCow
Kabayopending reviewKabayoHorse
Ulegpending reviewAhasSnakeFive unrelated words, and the one worth memorising before you need it. Ilocano and Pangasinan share 'uleg', which is unusual — the two rarely agree.

Words that trap you

These exist in both languages but mean different things. They are where confident readers get caught, and where machine translation is least reliable.

  • sirahigh risk
    In Pangasinan
    Fish.
    In Tagalog
    Broken, spoiled, ruined.

    A menu or a market sign reads completely differently depending on which language you assume.

  • limahigh risk
    In Pangasinan
    A hand. The numeral five is limara.
    In Tagalog
    Five.

    The numeral came from the word for hand originally, and Pangasinan is the one language here that kept the older sense alongside the newer one.

  • akin
    In Pangasinan
    Why.
    In Tagalog
    Mine.

    Both are extremely common function words, so this turns up in short sentences where there is no context to disambiguate.

  • labi
    In Pangasinan
    Night.
    In Tagalog
    Lips; also leftover or excess.

    Pangasinan labi is a time of day; the Tagalog senses are a body part and an excess.

  • laki
    In Pangasinan
    A grandfather.
    In Tagalog
    Size, largeness.

    Tagalog laki is an abstract noun; Pangasinan laki is a person.

  • daan
    In Pangasinan
    Old, of a thing.
    In Tagalog
    A road; also 'hundred'.

    Tagalog daan is a road; almost everywhere else it means old. Directions and descriptions get swapped.

  • simba
    In Pangasinan
    A week.
    In Tagalog
    To attend mass, to worship.

    Both descend from the Sunday-to-week association, but only Pangasinan generalised it to the seven-day span.

  • sali
    In Pangasinan
    A foot.
    In Tagalog
    To join, to take part.

    A body part in Pangasinan and a verb in Tagalog, so the two rarely occupy the same slot — but machine output mixes them anyway.

How often the machine gets these right

We ran 217 Pangasinan entries from the phrasebook below through the same engine this site uses, and compared each result against the human-written Tagalog. Categories are our own; the comparison ignores punctuation and casing. Neither Pangasinan nor Tagalog is well resourced and the engine routes between them through English, so this measures two stacked translations rather than one.

Machine output matched or came close to the human Tagalog for 72.4% of 217 phrases. The rest were partly or entirely wrong.

Least reliable

  • Things to buy20%
  • Market & money33%
  • Directions40%
  • Family & people53%
  • Everyday verbs55%

Most reliable

  • Colours100%
  • The body100%
  • Health & emergency100%

Sources

Last updated 2026-08-06. 217 entries are marked “pending review” — carried on general reference and awaiting confirmation from a native speaker.