{"source":"https://ilocanototagalog.com/research","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenceUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","generated":"2026-08-07","dataset":"Philippine parallel phrase set","description":"Everyday concepts held in parallel across eight Philippine languages and English. An empty value means no form was confirmed for that language, not that the language lacks the word.","languages":[{"code":"en","name":"English","field":"english"},{"code":"tl","name":"Tagalog","field":"tagalog"},{"code":"ilo","name":"Ilocano","field":"ilocano"},{"code":"ceb","name":"Cebuano","field":"cebuano"},{"code":"hil","name":"Hiligaynon","field":"hiligaynon"},{"code":"war","name":"Waray","field":"waray"},{"code":"bik","name":"Bikol","field":"bikol"},{"code":"pam","name":"Kapampangan","field":"kapampangan"},{"code":"pag","name":"Pangasinan","field":"pangasinan"}],"caveat":"Compiled from published general reference. Only the Ilocano and Tagalog columns are separately cited; no column has been reviewed by a native speaker. Treat as provisional.","concepts":287,"rows":[{"id":"pc-morning","category":"greetings","english":"Good morning","tagalog":"Magandang umaga","ilocano":"Naimbag a bigat","cebuano":"Maayong buntag","hiligaynon":"Maayong aga","waray":"Maupay nga aga","bikol":"Marhay na aga","kapampangan":"Mayap a abak","pangasinan":"Maabig ya kabuasan","note":"Every one of these is literally 'good' + 'morning', and the word for 'good' is the giveaway: maayo in the Visayan languages, maupay in Waray, marhay in Bikol, mayap in Kapampangan, maabig in Pangasinan, naimbag in Ilocano."},{"id":"pc-afternoon","category":"greetings","english":"Good afternoon","tagalog":"Magandang hapon","ilocano":"Naimbag a malem","cebuano":"Maayong hapon","hiligaynon":"Maayong hapon","waray":"Maupay nga kulop","bikol":"Marhay na hapon","kapampangan":"Mayap a gatpanapun","pangasinan":"Maabig ya ngarem","note":""},{"id":"pc-evening","category":"greetings","english":"Good evening","tagalog":"Magandang gabi","ilocano":"Naimbag a rabii","cebuano":"Maayong gabii","hiligaynon":"Maayong gab-i","waray":"Maupay nga gab-i","bikol":"Marhay na banggi","kapampangan":"Mayap a bengi","pangasinan":"Maabig ya labi","note":""},{"id":"pc-day","category":"greetings","english":"Good day","tagalog":"Magandang araw","ilocano":"Naimbag nga aldaw","cebuano":"Maayong adlaw","hiligaynon":"Maayong adlaw","waray":"Maupay nga adlaw","bikol":"Marhay na aldaw","kapampangan":"Mayap a aldo","pangasinan":"Maabig ya agew","note":""},{"id":"pc-howareyou","category":"greetings","english":"How are you?","tagalog":"Kumusta ka?","ilocano":"Kumustaka?","cebuano":"Kumusta ka?","hiligaynon":"Kamusta ka?","waray":"Kumusta ka?","bikol":"Kumusta ka?","kapampangan":"Komusta ka?","pangasinan":"Kumusta ka?","note":"The one phrase that is effectively identical everywhere, because all eight borrowed it from Spanish '¿cómo está?'. Do not read that as evidence the languages are close."},{"id":"pc-fine","category":"greetings","english":"I'm fine","tagalog":"Mabuti naman","ilocano":"Nasayaat met","cebuano":"Maayo ra","hiligaynon":"Maayo man","waray":"Maupay man","bikol":"Marhay man","kapampangan":"Mayap ku naman","pangasinan":"Maabig ak","note":""},{"id":"pc-goodbye","category":"greetings","english":"Goodbye","tagalog":"Paalam","ilocano":"Agpakadaakon","cebuano":"Ayo-ayo","hiligaynon":"Halong","waray":"Pag-iha","bikol":"Paaram","kapampangan":"Mako na ku","pangasinan":"Onla ak la","note":"Cebuano 'ayo-ayo' and Hiligaynon 'halong' both mean 'take care' rather than 'farewell'; a bare word for goodbye is uncommon in the Visayan languages, and 'bye' is what people actually say."},{"id":"pc-thanks","category":"courtesy","english":"Thank you","tagalog":"Salamat","ilocano":"Agyamanak","cebuano":"Salamat","hiligaynon":"Salamat","waray":"Salamat","bikol":"Salamat","kapampangan":"Salamat","pangasinan":"Salamat","note":"Ilocano is the odd one out. 'Salamat' is understood in Ilocos, but 'agyamanak' — literally 'I am grateful' — is the native form and the one a speaker will use back to you."},{"id":"pc-thanks-much","category":"courtesy","english":"Thank you very much","tagalog":"Maraming salamat","ilocano":"Agyamanak unay","cebuano":"Daghang salamat","hiligaynon":"Madamo gid nga salamat","waray":"Damo nga salamat","bikol":"Dakulang salamat","kapampangan":"Dakal a salamat","pangasinan":"Dakel ya salamat","note":"The intensifier is the tell: daghan (Cebuano), madamo (Hiligaynon), damo (Waray), dakula (Bikol), dakal (Kapampangan), dakel (Pangasinan) — all meaning 'many', none of them the Tagalog 'marami'."},{"id":"pc-welcome","category":"courtesy","english":"You're welcome","tagalog":"Walang anuman","ilocano":"Awan ania man","cebuano":"Walay sapayan","hiligaynon":"Wala sang anuman","waray":"Waray sapayan","bikol":"Daing ano man","kapampangan":"Ala yang anuman","pangasinan":"Anggapoy anuman","note":"Waray's own name comes from this construction — 'waray' is the word for 'none', and the language is named after how often outsiders heard it."},{"id":"pc-yes","category":"courtesy","english":"Yes","tagalog":"Oo","ilocano":"Wen","cebuano":"Oo","hiligaynon":"Huo","waray":"Oo","bikol":"Iyo","kapampangan":"Wa","pangasinan":"On","note":"Four different words for yes across eight languages. Kapampangan 'wa' and Pangasinan 'on' are unrecognisable to a Tagalog speaker, and machine translation frequently passes them through untouched."},{"id":"pc-no","category":"courtesy","english":"No","tagalog":"Hindi","ilocano":"Haan","cebuano":"Dili","hiligaynon":"Indi","waray":"Diri","bikol":"Dai","kapampangan":"Ali","pangasinan":"Andi","note":"Ilocano also uses 'saan' for no, which is a genuine trap: 'saan' is 'where' in Tagalog. Hiligaynon 'indi' and Waray 'diri' look alike but Waray 'diri' collides with Hiligaynon 'diri', meaning 'here'."},{"id":"pc-sorry","category":"courtesy","english":"Sorry","tagalog":"Paumanhin","ilocano":"Pakawanennak","cebuano":"Pasayloa ko","hiligaynon":"Patawara ko","waray":"Pasayloa ako","bikol":"Patawada ako","kapampangan":"Pasensya na","pangasinan":"Pasensya la","note":"In everyday speech 'sorry' and 'pasensya' are what most speakers actually say in all eight; the native forms above are what you will see written."},{"id":"pc-please","category":"courtesy","english":"Please","tagalog":"Pakiusap","ilocano":"Pangngaasim","cebuano":"Palihug","hiligaynon":"Palihog","waray":"Alayon","bikol":"Tabi","kapampangan":"Pakisuyu","pangasinan":"Ipangasim","note":"None of these behave like English 'please'. They are requests in their own right — Cebuano 'palihug' is closer to 'do me the favour' — and are usually attached to the verb rather than added at the end."},{"id":"pc-yourname","category":"introductions","english":"What is your name?","tagalog":"Ano ang pangalan mo?","ilocano":"Ania ti naganmo?","cebuano":"Unsa'y imong ngalan?","hiligaynon":"Ano ang ngalan mo?","waray":"Ano an imo ngaran?","bikol":"Ano an pangaran mo?","kapampangan":"Nanu ing lagyu mu?","pangasinan":"Anto so ngaran mo?","note":"Kapampangan shares no root here at all — 'nanu' for what, 'lagyu' for name — which is a fair summary of how far Central Luzon sits from everything else on this list."},{"id":"pc-myname","category":"introductions","english":"My name is…","tagalog":"Ang pangalan ko ay…","ilocano":"Ti naganko ket…","cebuano":"Ang akong ngalan kay…","hiligaynon":"Ang ngalan ko…","waray":"An akon ngaran…","bikol":"An pangaran ko…","kapampangan":"Ing lagyu ku…","pangasinan":"Say ngaran ko…","note":""},{"id":"pc-nicetomeet","category":"introductions","english":"Nice to meet you","tagalog":"Ikinagagalak kitang makilala","ilocano":"Naragsakak a nakaam-ammo kenka","cebuano":"Nalipay ko nga nailhan tika","hiligaynon":"Nalipay ako nga makilala ka","waray":"Nalipay ako nga makilala ka","bikol":"Maugma ako na mamidbid ka","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"pc-whereareyoufrom","category":"introductions","english":"Where are you from?","tagalog":"Taga-saan ka?","ilocano":"Taga-anoka?","cebuano":"Taga-asa ka?","hiligaynon":"Taga-diin ka?","waray":"Taga-hain ka?","bikol":"Taga-sain ka?","kapampangan":"Taga-nokarin ka?","pangasinan":"Taga-iner ka?","note":"Same frame, eight different question words bolted onto it. This single row is the clearest illustration of why machine translation between these languages fails: the shared 'taga-' makes the sentence look translatable while the word that carries the meaning is unique to each."},{"id":"pc-dontunderstand","category":"language","english":"I don't understand","tagalog":"Hindi ko naiintindihan","ilocano":"Diak maawatan","cebuano":"Wala ko kasabot","hiligaynon":"Wala ko makaintiendi","waray":"Diri ako nakakaintindi","bikol":"Dai ko nasasabutan","kapampangan":"E ku aintindian","pangasinan":"Ag ko natatalosan","note":""},{"id":"pc-speakenglish","category":"language","english":"Do you speak English?","tagalog":"Marunong ka bang mag-Ingles?","ilocano":"Makasaoka iti Ingles?","cebuano":"Kamao ka mo-English?","hiligaynon":"Kabalo ka mag-English?","waray":"Maaram ka mag-English?","bikol":"Tataong ka mag-English?","kapampangan":"Balu meng mag-English?","pangasinan":"Antam so mansalitay English?","note":"The verb for 'to know how' differs completely: kamao, kabalo, maaram, tataong. None of them is the Tagalog 'marunong'."},{"id":"pc-repeat","category":"language","english":"Please say it again","tagalog":"Pakiulit nga po","ilocano":"Uliten yo man","cebuano":"Palihug balika","hiligaynon":"Palihog liwata","waray":"Alayon utroha","bikol":"Tabi otroha","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"pc-slowly","category":"language","english":"Please speak slowly","tagalog":"Pakidahan-dahan po","ilocano":"In-inuten yo man","cebuano":"Palihug hinay-hinay","hiligaynon":"Palihog hinay-hinay","waray":"Alayon hinay-hinay","bikol":"Tabi luway-luway","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"pc-whatisthis","category":"language","english":"What is this?","tagalog":"Ano ito?","ilocano":"Ania daytoy?","cebuano":"Unsa ni?","hiligaynon":"Ano ini?","waray":"Ano ini?","bikol":"Ano ini?","kapampangan":"Nanu ini?","pangasinan":"Anto ya?","note":""},{"id":"pc-one","category":"numbers","english":"One","tagalog":"Isa","ilocano":"Maysa","cebuano":"Usa","hiligaynon":"Isa","waray":"Usa","bikol":"Saro","kapampangan":"Metung","pangasinan":"Sakey","note":"Cebuano and Waray 'usa' is a false friend of the highest order: in Tagalog 'usa' is a deer."},{"id":"pc-two","category":"numbers","english":"Two","tagalog":"Dalawa","ilocano":"Dua","cebuano":"Duha","hiligaynon":"Duha","waray":"Duha","bikol":"Duwa","kapampangan":"Adwa","pangasinan":"Duara","note":""},{"id":"pc-three","category":"numbers","english":"Three","tagalog":"Tatlo","ilocano":"Tallo","cebuano":"Tulo","hiligaynon":"Tatlo","waray":"Tulo","bikol":"Tulo","kapampangan":"Atlu","pangasinan":"Talora","note":""},{"id":"pc-four","category":"numbers","english":"Four","tagalog":"Apat","ilocano":"Uppat","cebuano":"Upat","hiligaynon":"Apat","waray":"Upat","bikol":"Apat","kapampangan":"Apat","pangasinan":"Apatira","note":""},{"id":"pc-five","category":"numbers","english":"Five","tagalog":"Lima","ilocano":"Lima","cebuano":"Lima","hiligaynon":"Lima","waray":"Lima","bikol":"Lima","kapampangan":"Lima","pangasinan":"Limara","note":"The one numeral that survives intact across all eight — and in Pangasinan 'lima' is also the word for 'hand', which is where the numeral came from in the first place."},{"id":"pc-six","category":"numbers","english":"Six","tagalog":"Anim","ilocano":"Innem","cebuano":"Unom","hiligaynon":"Anum","waray":"Unom","bikol":"Anom","kapampangan":"Anam","pangasinan":"Anemira","note":""},{"id":"pc-seven","category":"numbers","english":"Seven","tagalog":"Pito","ilocano":"Pito","cebuano":"Pito","hiligaynon":"Pito","waray":"Pito","bikol":"Pito","kapampangan":"Pitu","pangasinan":"Pitora","note":""},{"id":"pc-eight","category":"numbers","english":"Eight","tagalog":"Walo","ilocano":"Walo","cebuano":"Walo","hiligaynon":"Walo","waray":"Walo","bikol":"Walo","kapampangan":"Walu","pangasinan":"Walora","note":""},{"id":"pc-nine","category":"numbers","english":"Nine","tagalog":"Siyam","ilocano":"Siam","cebuano":"Siyam","hiligaynon":"Siyam","waray":"Siyam","bikol":"Siyam","kapampangan":"Siyam","pangasinan":"Siamira","note":""},{"id":"pc-ten","category":"numbers","english":"Ten","tagalog":"Sampu","ilocano":"Sangapulo","cebuano":"Napulo","hiligaynon":"Napulo","waray":"Napulo","bikol":"Sampulo","kapampangan":"Apulu","pangasinan":"Samplora","note":"Pangasinan numerals carry a counting suffix -ra that none of the others use, so 'limara' and 'samplora' look longer than their neighbours for a structural reason rather than a phonetic one."},{"id":"pc-what","category":"questions","english":"What","tagalog":"Ano","ilocano":"Ania","cebuano":"Unsa","hiligaynon":"Ano","waray":"Ano","bikol":"Ano","kapampangan":"Nanu","pangasinan":"Anto","note":""},{"id":"pc-who","category":"questions","english":"Who","tagalog":"Sino","ilocano":"Siasino","cebuano":"Kinsa","hiligaynon":"Sin-o","waray":"Hin-o","bikol":"Siisay","kapampangan":"Ninu","pangasinan":"Siopa","note":"Hiligaynon 'sin-o' and Waray 'hin-o' differ by a single consonant, and that s→h shift runs through the whole of Waray. It is the single most reliable way to tell the two apart."},{"id":"pc-where","category":"questions","english":"Where","tagalog":"Saan","ilocano":"Sadino","cebuano":"Asa","hiligaynon":"Diin","waray":"Hain","bikol":"Sain","kapampangan":"Nokarin","pangasinan":"Iner","note":"Seven distinct words. Cebuano 'asa' is a false friend in Tagalog, where it means to hope or depend on someone."},{"id":"pc-when","category":"questions","english":"When","tagalog":"Kailan","ilocano":"Kaano","cebuano":"Kanus-a","hiligaynon":"San-o","waray":"Kakan-o","bikol":"Nuarin","kapampangan":"Kapilan","pangasinan":"Kapigan","note":""},{"id":"pc-why","category":"questions","english":"Why","tagalog":"Bakit","ilocano":"Apay","cebuano":"Ngano","hiligaynon":"Ngaa","waray":"Kay ano","bikol":"","kapampangan":"Baket","pangasinan":"Akin","note":"Kapampangan 'baket' looks like Tagalog 'bakit' and means the same thing — but it is also the Ilocano word for an old woman or a wife, so the same string means two unrelated things depending on which language you are reading."},{"id":"pc-howmuch","category":"questions","english":"How much?","tagalog":"Magkano?","ilocano":"Mano?","cebuano":"Tagpila?","hiligaynon":"Tagpila?","waray":"Tagpira?","bikol":"Pira?","kapampangan":"Magkanu?","pangasinan":"Pigara?","note":""},{"id":"pc-howmany","category":"questions","english":"How many?","tagalog":"Ilan?","ilocano":"Mano?","cebuano":"Pila?","hiligaynon":"Pila?","waray":"Pira?","bikol":"Pira?","kapampangan":"Pilan?","pangasinan":"Pigara?","note":"Cebuano and Hiligaynon 'pila' means 'how many'. In Tagalog 'pila' is a queue — which makes 'Pila?' one of the most commonly misread words between Manila and Cebu."},{"id":"pc-today","category":"time","english":"Today","tagalog":"Ngayon","ilocano":"Ita","cebuano":"Karon","hiligaynon":"Subong","waray":"Yana","bikol":"Ngonyan","kapampangan":"Ngeni","pangasinan":"Natan","note":""},{"id":"pc-tomorrow","category":"time","english":"Tomorrow","tagalog":"Bukas","ilocano":"Inton bigat","cebuano":"Ugma","hiligaynon":"Buas","waray":"Buwas","bikol":"Sa aga","kapampangan":"Bukas","pangasinan":"Nabuas","note":"Ilocano builds tomorrow out of 'bigat', the word for morning — the same root as in 'Naimbag a bigat'."},{"id":"pc-yesterday","category":"time","english":"Yesterday","tagalog":"Kahapon","ilocano":"Idi kalman","cebuano":"Gahapon","hiligaynon":"Kahapon","waray":"Kakulop","bikol":"Kasuhapon","kapampangan":"Napun","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"pc-day-n","category":"time","english":"Day","tagalog":"Araw","ilocano":"Aldaw","cebuano":"Adlaw","hiligaynon":"Adlaw","waray":"Adlaw","bikol":"Aldaw","kapampangan":"Aldo","pangasinan":"Agew","note":"In the Visayan languages 'adlaw' is both the day and the sun. Tagalog keeps the same double meaning in 'araw'; Ilocano does not — 'aldaw' is the day and 'init' is the sun."},{"id":"pc-night","category":"time","english":"Night","tagalog":"Gabi","ilocano":"Rabii","cebuano":"Gabii","hiligaynon":"Gab-i","waray":"Gab-i","bikol":"Banggi","kapampangan":"Bengi","pangasinan":"Labi","note":""},{"id":"pc-week","category":"time","english":"Week","tagalog":"Linggo","ilocano":"Lawas","cebuano":"Semana","hiligaynon":"Semana","waray":"Semana","bikol":"Semana","kapampangan":"Dominggo","pangasinan":"Simba","note":""},{"id":"pc-year","category":"time","english":"Year","tagalog":"Taon","ilocano":"Tawen","cebuano":"Tuig","hiligaynon":"Tuig","waray":"Tuig","bikol":"Taon","kapampangan":"Banwa","pangasinan":"Taon","note":""},{"id":"pc-mother","category":"family","english":"Mother","tagalog":"Ina","ilocano":"Ina","cebuano":"Inahan","hiligaynon":"Iloy","waray":"Iroy","bikol":"Ina","kapampangan":"Ima","pangasinan":"Ina","note":"Kapampangan 'ima' is a mother; Ilocano 'ima' is a hand. Two Luzon languages a hundred kilometres apart, same three letters, nothing in common."},{"id":"pc-father","category":"family","english":"Father","tagalog":"Ama","ilocano":"Ama","cebuano":"Amahan","hiligaynon":"Amay","waray":"Amay","bikol":"Ama","kapampangan":"Ibpa","pangasinan":"Ama","note":""},{"id":"pc-mum","category":"family","english":"Mum","tagalog":"Nanay","ilocano":"Nanang","cebuano":"Nanay","hiligaynon":"Nanay","waray":"Nanay","bikol":"Nanay","kapampangan":"Ima","pangasinan":"Nanay","note":""},{"id":"pc-dad","category":"family","english":"Dad","tagalog":"Tatay","ilocano":"Tatang","cebuano":"Tatay","hiligaynon":"Tatay","waray":"Tatay","bikol":"Tatay","kapampangan":"Tatang","pangasinan":"Tatay","note":""},{"id":"pc-child","category":"family","english":"Child","tagalog":"Anak","ilocano":"Anak","cebuano":"Anak","hiligaynon":"Bata","waray":"Bata","bikol":"Aki","kapampangan":"Anak","pangasinan":"Anak","note":"'Anak' is the offspring relationship in all eight; Bikol 'aki' is the exception and is a child in general."},{"id":"pc-sibling","category":"family","english":"Sibling","tagalog":"Kapatid","ilocano":"Kabsat","cebuano":"Igsoon","hiligaynon":"Utod","waray":"Bugto","bikol":"Tugang","kapampangan":"Kapatad","pangasinan":"Agi","note":"Six unrelated roots. Only Tagalog 'kapatid' and Kapampangan 'kapatad' match, and that is a loan rather than shared inheritance."},{"id":"pc-grandmother","category":"family","english":"Grandmother","tagalog":"Lola","ilocano":"Apong baket","cebuano":"Lola","hiligaynon":"Lola","waray":"Lola","bikol":"Lola","kapampangan":"Apu","pangasinan":"Bai","note":""},{"id":"pc-grandfather","category":"family","english":"Grandfather","tagalog":"Lolo","ilocano":"Apong lakay","cebuano":"Lolo","hiligaynon":"Lolo","waray":"Lolo","bikol":"Lolo","kapampangan":"Apu","pangasinan":"Laki","note":"Pangasinan 'laki' is a grandfather. In Tagalog, Cebuano and most of the rest, 'lalaki' is simply a man — close enough to mislead."},{"id":"pc-friend","category":"family","english":"Friend","tagalog":"Kaibigan","ilocano":"Gayyem","cebuano":"Higala","hiligaynon":"Abyan","waray":"Sangkay","bikol":"Katood","kapampangan":"Kaluguran","pangasinan":"Kaaro","note":"Eight languages, eight unrelated words. Kapampangan 'kaluguran' doubles as a term of affection, which is why 'Kaluguran daka' means 'I love you'."},{"id":"pc-man","category":"family","english":"Man","tagalog":"Lalaki","ilocano":"Lalaki","cebuano":"Lalaki","hiligaynon":"Lalaki","waray":"Lalaki","bikol":"Lalaki","kapampangan":"Lalaki","pangasinan":"Laki","note":""},{"id":"pc-woman","category":"family","english":"Woman","tagalog":"Babae","ilocano":"Babai","cebuano":"Babaye","hiligaynon":"Babaye","waray":"Babaye","bikol":"Babayi","kapampangan":"Babai","pangasinan":"Bii","note":""},{"id":"pc-spouse","category":"family","english":"Spouse","tagalog":"Asawa","ilocano":"Asawa","cebuano":"Asawa","hiligaynon":"Asawa","waray":"Asawa","bikol":"Agom","kapampangan":"Asawa","pangasinan":"Asawa","note":"'Asawa' covers husband and wife alike in seven of the eight — the sex of the spouse is not marked. Bikol 'agom' is the odd one out."},{"id":"pc-rice-grain","category":"food","english":"Rice (uncooked)","tagalog":"Bigas","ilocano":"Bagas","cebuano":"Bugas","hiligaynon":"Bugas","waray":"Bugas","bikol":"Bagas","kapampangan":"Abias","pangasinan":"Belas","note":"All eight distinguish uncooked grain from cooked rice with separate words — a distinction English has to spell out."},{"id":"pc-rice-cooked","category":"food","english":"Rice (cooked)","tagalog":"Kanin","ilocano":"Inapoy","cebuano":"Kan-on","hiligaynon":"Kan-on","waray":"Luto","bikol":"","kapampangan":"Nasi","pangasinan":"Kanen","note":"Kapampangan 'nasi' is a Malay-shaped word that none of its neighbours share."},{"id":"pc-fish","category":"food","english":"Fish","tagalog":"Isda","ilocano":"Ikan","cebuano":"Isda","hiligaynon":"Isda","waray":"Isda","bikol":"Sira","kapampangan":"Asan","pangasinan":"Sira","note":"Bikol and Pangasinan 'sira' is a fish. In Tagalog and Cebuano 'sira' means broken or spoiled — so a Bikolano menu can read alarmingly to a Manila reader."},{"id":"pc-meat","category":"food","english":"Meat","tagalog":"Karne","ilocano":"Karne","cebuano":"Karne","hiligaynon":"Karne","waray":"Karne","bikol":"Karne","kapampangan":"Karne","pangasinan":"Karne","note":""},{"id":"pc-chicken","category":"food","english":"Chicken","tagalog":"Manok","ilocano":"Manok","cebuano":"Manok","hiligaynon":"Manok","waray":"Manok","bikol":"Manok","kapampangan":"Manuk","pangasinan":"Manok","note":""},{"id":"pc-pig","category":"food","english":"Pig","tagalog":"Baboy","ilocano":"Baboy","cebuano":"Baboy","hiligaynon":"Baboy","waray":"Baboy","bikol":"Urig","kapampangan":"Babi","pangasinan":"Baboy","note":""},{"id":"pc-egg","category":"food","english":"Egg","tagalog":"Itlog","ilocano":"Itlog","cebuano":"Itlog","hiligaynon":"Itlog","waray":"Bunay","bikol":"Sugok","kapampangan":"Ebun","pangasinan":"Iknol","note":"One of the sharpest splits in this file. 'Itlog' covers Tagalog through Hiligaynon, then Waray, Bikol, Kapampangan and Pangasinan each go their own way entirely."},{"id":"pc-salt","category":"food","english":"Salt","tagalog":"Asin","ilocano":"Asin","cebuano":"Asin","hiligaynon":"Asin","waray":"Asin","bikol":"Asin","kapampangan":"Asin","pangasinan":"Asin","note":"The province of Pangasinan is named for this word — 'pang-asin-an', the place where salt is made."},{"id":"pc-vegetable","category":"food","english":"Vegetable","tagalog":"Gulay","ilocano":"Nateng","cebuano":"Utan","hiligaynon":"Utan","waray":"Utan","bikol":"Gulay","kapampangan":"Gule","pangasinan":"Pising","note":""},{"id":"pc-eat","category":"food","english":"To eat","tagalog":"Kumain","ilocano":"Mangan","cebuano":"Mokaon","hiligaynon":"Magkaon","waray":"Kumaon","bikol":"Magkakan","kapampangan":"Mangan","pangasinan":"Mangan","note":"Ilocano, Kapampangan and Pangasinan all use 'mangan' — a genuine Luzon isogloss, and one of the very few things the three share against the Visayan 'kaon'."},{"id":"pc-hungry","category":"food","english":"I'm hungry","tagalog":"Gutom na ako","ilocano":"Mabisinak","cebuano":"Gigutom ko","hiligaynon":"Gutom na ako","waray":"Gutom na ako","bikol":"Gutom na ako","kapampangan":"Danupan ku na","pangasinan":"Naerasan ak","note":""},{"id":"pc-delicious","category":"food","english":"Delicious","tagalog":"Masarap","ilocano":"Naimas","cebuano":"Lami","hiligaynon":"Namit","waray":"Marasa","bikol":"Masiram","kapampangan":"Manyaman","pangasinan":"Masamit","note":"Eight languages, eight unrelated words for the same compliment. If you learn one word from this list, learn the local one for this."},{"id":"pc-full","category":"food","english":"I'm full","tagalog":"Busog na ako","ilocano":"Nabsogakon","cebuano":"Busog na ko","hiligaynon":"Busog na ako","waray":"Busog na ako","bikol":"Basog na ako","kapampangan":"Mabsi na ku","pangasinan":"Napesel ak","note":""},{"id":"pc-water","category":"drinks","english":"Water","tagalog":"Tubig","ilocano":"Danum","cebuano":"Tubig","hiligaynon":"Tubig","waray":"Tubig","bikol":"Tubig","kapampangan":"Danum","pangasinan":"Danum","note":"The Luzon/Visayan split in one word: danum in the north, tubig everywhere else. Tagalog sides with the Visayan languages here despite sitting on Luzon."},{"id":"pc-coffee","category":"drinks","english":"Coffee","tagalog":"Kape","ilocano":"Kape","cebuano":"Kape","hiligaynon":"Kape","waray":"Kape","bikol":"Kape","kapampangan":"Kape","pangasinan":"Kape","note":""},{"id":"pc-milk","category":"drinks","english":"Milk","tagalog":"Gatas","ilocano":"Gatas","cebuano":"Gatas","hiligaynon":"Gatas","waray":"Gatas","bikol":"Gatas","kapampangan":"Gatas","pangasinan":"Gatas","note":""},{"id":"pc-drink","category":"drinks","english":"To drink","tagalog":"Uminom","ilocano":"Uminom","cebuano":"Moinom","hiligaynon":"Mag-inom","waray":"Uminom","bikol":"Mag-inom","kapampangan":"Minum","pangasinan":"Oninum","note":""},{"id":"pc-water-please","category":"drinks","english":"Water, please","tagalog":"Pakiabot ng tubig","ilocano":"Danum man","cebuano":"Palihug ug tubig","hiligaynon":"Palihog sang tubig","waray":"Alayon hin tubig","bikol":"Tubig tabi","kapampangan":"Danum pu","pangasinan":"Danum pa","note":""},{"id":"pc-money","category":"market","english":"Money","tagalog":"Pera","ilocano":"Kuarta","cebuano":"Kwarta","hiligaynon":"Kwarta","waray":"Kwarta","bikol":"Kwarta","kapampangan":"Salapi","pangasinan":"Kuarta","note":"Tagalog took 'pera' from Spanish 'perra'; everything north and south of it took 'cuarta' instead. The two are not interchangeable outside Manila."},{"id":"pc-expensive","category":"market","english":"Expensive","tagalog":"Mahal","ilocano":"Nangina","cebuano":"Mahal","hiligaynon":"Mahal","waray":"Mahal","bikol":"Mahal","kapampangan":"Maal","pangasinan":"Mabli","note":"In Tagalog 'mahal' means both expensive and beloved. Ilocano keeps them apart — 'nangina' for costly, 'ay-ayat' for love — so the pun does not survive translation."},{"id":"pc-cheap","category":"market","english":"Cheap","tagalog":"Mura","ilocano":"Nalaka","cebuano":"Barato","hiligaynon":"Barato","waray":"Barato","bikol":"Barato","kapampangan":"Mura","pangasinan":"Mura","note":"Four of the eight reach for the Spanish 'barato' rather than a native word, while Tagalog and Ilocano kept their own."},{"id":"pc-buy","category":"market","english":"To buy","tagalog":"Bumili","ilocano":"Gumatang","cebuano":"Mopalit","hiligaynon":"Magbakal","waray":"Pumalit","bikol":"Magbakal","kapampangan":"Salihan","pangasinan":"Manaliw","note":"Cebuano 'palit' is to buy; in Tagalog 'palit' is to exchange or swap. Same root, opposite ends of a transaction."},{"id":"pc-market","category":"market","english":"Market","tagalog":"Palengke","ilocano":"Tiendaan","cebuano":"Merkado","hiligaynon":"Tiendahan","waray":"Merkado","bikol":"Saudan","kapampangan":"Pamalengke","pangasinan":"Tindaan","note":""},{"id":"pc-left","category":"directions","english":"Left","tagalog":"Kaliwa","ilocano":"Kannigid","cebuano":"Wala","hiligaynon":"Wala","waray":"Wala","bikol":"Wala","kapampangan":"Kaili","pangasinan":"Kawigi","note":"The most dangerous word on this page. 'Wala' means left in four of these languages and 'none' in Tagalog — so a Tagalog speaker hearing directions in Cebu can understand the sentence and take the wrong turn."},{"id":"pc-right","category":"directions","english":"Right","tagalog":"Kanan","ilocano":"Kannawan","cebuano":"Tuo","hiligaynon":"Tuo","waray":"Too","bikol":"Tuo","kapampangan":"Wanan","pangasinan":"Kawanan","note":""},{"id":"pc-here","category":"directions","english":"Here","tagalog":"Dito","ilocano":"Ditoy","cebuano":"Dinhi","hiligaynon":"Diri","waray":"Didi","bikol":"Digdi","kapampangan":"Keni","pangasinan":"Dia","note":"Hiligaynon 'diri' is 'here'. Waray 'diri' is 'not'. The two languages are neighbours and this pair catches people constantly."},{"id":"pc-there","category":"directions","english":"There","tagalog":"Doon","ilocano":"Idiay","cebuano":"Didto","hiligaynon":"Didto","waray":"Didto","bikol":"Duman","kapampangan":"Karin","pangasinan":"Diman","note":""},{"id":"pc-far","category":"directions","english":"Far","tagalog":"Malayo","ilocano":"Adayo","cebuano":"Layo","hiligaynon":"Malayo","waray":"Hirayo","bikol":"Harayo","kapampangan":"Marayu","pangasinan":"Arawi","note":""},{"id":"pc-near","category":"directions","english":"Near","tagalog":"Malapit","ilocano":"Asideg","cebuano":"Duol","hiligaynon":"Malapit","waray":"Hirani","bikol":"Harani","kapampangan":"Malapit","pangasinan":"Asingger","note":""},{"id":"pc-whereis","category":"directions","english":"Where is the toilet?","tagalog":"Nasaan ang banyo?","ilocano":"Ayanna ti banio?","cebuano":"Asa ang banyo?","hiligaynon":"Diin ang kasilyas?","waray":"Hain an kasilyas?","bikol":"Sain an banyo?","kapampangan":"Nokarin ing banyu?","pangasinan":"Iner so kasilyas?","note":""},{"id":"pc-go","category":"directions","english":"To go","tagalog":"Pumunta","ilocano":"Mapan","cebuano":"Moadto","hiligaynon":"Magkadto","waray":"Kumadto","bikol":"Magduman","kapampangan":"Ume","pangasinan":"Onla","note":""},{"id":"pc-help","category":"emergency","english":"Help!","tagalog":"Tulong!","ilocano":"Tulong!","cebuano":"Tabang!","hiligaynon":"Bulig!","waray":"Bulig!","bikol":"Tabang!","kapampangan":"Saup!","pangasinan":"Tulong!","note":"Worth memorising the local form before you need it. Cebuano 'tabang' is help; Hiligaynon 'tab-ang' is bland or tasteless, which is a poor thing to shout."},{"id":"pc-doctor","category":"emergency","english":"Doctor","tagalog":"Doktor","ilocano":"Doktor","cebuano":"Doktor","hiligaynon":"Doktor","waray":"Doktor","bikol":"Doktor","kapampangan":"Doktor","pangasinan":"Doktor","note":""},{"id":"pc-hospital","category":"emergency","english":"Hospital","tagalog":"Ospital","ilocano":"Ospital","cebuano":"Ospital","hiligaynon":"Ospital","waray":"Ospital","bikol":"Ospital","kapampangan":"Ospital","pangasinan":"Ospital","note":""},{"id":"pc-sick","category":"emergency","english":"I am sick","tagalog":"May sakit ako","ilocano":"Masakitak","cebuano":"Masakiton ko","hiligaynon":"Masakit ako","waray":"May sakit ako","bikol":"May hilang ako","kapampangan":"Masakit ku","pangasinan":"Masakit ak","note":""},{"id":"pc-pain","category":"emergency","english":"It hurts","tagalog":"Masakit","ilocano":"Nasakit","cebuano":"Sakit","hiligaynon":"Masakit","waray":"Maul-ul","bikol":"Makulog","kapampangan":"Masakit","pangasinan":"Ansakit","note":"Waray 'maul-ul' and Bikol 'makulog' share nothing with the 'sakit' the other six use."},{"id":"pc-police","category":"emergency","english":"Police","tagalog":"Pulis","ilocano":"Pulis","cebuano":"Pulis","hiligaynon":"Pulis","waray":"Pulis","bikol":"Pulis","kapampangan":"Pulis","pangasinan":"Pulis","note":""},{"id":"pc-head","category":"body","english":"Head","tagalog":"Ulo","ilocano":"Ulo","cebuano":"Ulo","hiligaynon":"Ulo","waray":"Ulo","bikol":"Payo","kapampangan":"Buntuk","pangasinan":"Ulo","note":"Bikol 'payo' is a head. In Tagalog 'payo' is advice — which makes it one of the neatest false friends in the country."},{"id":"pc-eye","category":"body","english":"Eye","tagalog":"Mata","ilocano":"Mata","cebuano":"Mata","hiligaynon":"Mata","waray":"Mata","bikol":"Mata","kapampangan":"Mata","pangasinan":"Mata","note":""},{"id":"pc-hand","category":"body","english":"Hand","tagalog":"Kamay","ilocano":"Ima","cebuano":"Kamot","hiligaynon":"Kamot","waray":"Kamot","bikol":"Kamot","kapampangan":"Gamat","pangasinan":"Lima","note":"Three separate traps in one row: Ilocano 'ima' is Kapampangan for mother, Visayan 'kamot' is Tagalog for scratching, and Pangasinan 'lima' is the numeral five in every other language here."},{"id":"pc-foot","category":"body","english":"Foot","tagalog":"Paa","ilocano":"Saka","cebuano":"Tiil","hiligaynon":"Tiil","waray":"Tiil","bikol":"Bitis","kapampangan":"Bitis","pangasinan":"Sali","note":""},{"id":"pc-mouth","category":"body","english":"Mouth","tagalog":"Bibig","ilocano":"Ngiwat","cebuano":"Baba","hiligaynon":"Baba","waray":"Baba","bikol":"Nguso","kapampangan":"Asbuk","pangasinan":"Sangi","note":"Visayan 'baba' is a mouth; Tagalog 'baba' is a chin, and with different stress it is also 'down'. Neighbouring body parts, different words."},{"id":"pc-belly","category":"body","english":"Stomach","tagalog":"Tiyan","ilocano":"Buksit","cebuano":"Tiyan","hiligaynon":"Tiyan","waray":"Tiyan","bikol":"Tulak","kapampangan":"Atyan","pangasinan":"Eges","note":""},{"id":"pc-sun","category":"nature","english":"Sun","tagalog":"Araw","ilocano":"Init","cebuano":"Adlaw","hiligaynon":"Adlaw","waray":"Adlaw","bikol":"Saldang","kapampangan":"Aldo","pangasinan":"Agew","note":"Ilocano 'init' is the sun; Tagalog 'init' is heat. Related idea, different part of speech, and machine translation routinely mixes the two."},{"id":"pc-moon","category":"nature","english":"Moon","tagalog":"Buwan","ilocano":"Bulan","cebuano":"Bulan","hiligaynon":"Bulan","waray":"Bulan","bikol":"Bulan","kapampangan":"Bulan","pangasinan":"Bulan","note":"Seven of the eight kept 'bulan'; Tagalog alone shifted the l to w. The same word means 'month' in all of them."},{"id":"pc-star","category":"nature","english":"Star","tagalog":"Bituin","ilocano":"Bituen","cebuano":"Bituon","hiligaynon":"Bituon","waray":"Bitoon","bikol":"Bitoon","kapampangan":"Batwin","pangasinan":"Bitewen","note":""},{"id":"pc-rain","category":"nature","english":"Rain","tagalog":"Ulan","ilocano":"Tudo","cebuano":"Ulan","hiligaynon":"Ulan","waray":"Uran","bikol":"Uran","kapampangan":"Uran","pangasinan":"Uran","note":"Ilocano is alone here. 'Tudo' shares nothing with the ulan/uran the other seven use."},{"id":"pc-sea","category":"nature","english":"Sea","tagalog":"Dagat","ilocano":"Baybay","cebuano":"Dagat","hiligaynon":"Dagat","waray":"Dagat","bikol":"Dagat","kapampangan":"Dayatmalat","pangasinan":"Dayat","note":""},{"id":"pc-mountain","category":"nature","english":"Mountain","tagalog":"Bundok","ilocano":"Bantay","cebuano":"Bukid","hiligaynon":"Bukid","waray":"Bukid","bikol":"Bukid","kapampangan":"Bunduk","pangasinan":"Palandey","note":"Two traps at once. Ilocano 'bantay' is a mountain; in Tagalog it is a guard. Visayan 'bukid' is a mountain; in Tagalog 'bukid' is a field or farm."},{"id":"pc-house","category":"nature","english":"House","tagalog":"Bahay","ilocano":"Balay","cebuano":"Balay","hiligaynon":"Balay","waray":"Balay","bikol":"Harong","kapampangan":"Bale","pangasinan":"Abung","note":""},{"id":"pc-fire","category":"nature","english":"Fire","tagalog":"Apoy","ilocano":"Apuy","cebuano":"Kalayo","hiligaynon":"Kalayo","waray":"Kalayo","bikol":"Kalayo","kapampangan":"Api","pangasinan":"Apoy","note":"Visayan 'kalayo' is fire; Tagalog 'kalayo' would be parsed as 'distance'. The Luzon languages all keep apoy/apuy."},{"id":"pc-big","category":"descriptions","english":"Big","tagalog":"Malaki","ilocano":"Dakkel","cebuano":"Dako","hiligaynon":"Daku","waray":"Dako","bikol":"Dakula","kapampangan":"Maragul","pangasinan":"Baleg","note":""},{"id":"pc-small","category":"descriptions","english":"Small","tagalog":"Maliit","ilocano":"Bassit","cebuano":"Gamay","hiligaynon":"Gamay","waray":"Gutiay","bikol":"Sadit","kapampangan":"Malati","pangasinan":"Melag","note":""},{"id":"pc-good","category":"descriptions","english":"Good","tagalog":"Mabuti","ilocano":"Nasayaat","cebuano":"Maayo","hiligaynon":"Maayo","waray":"Maupay","bikol":"Marhay","kapampangan":"Mayap","pangasinan":"Maabig","note":""},{"id":"pc-bad","category":"descriptions","english":"Bad","tagalog":"Masama","ilocano":"Dakes","cebuano":"Dautan","hiligaynon":"Malain","waray":"Maraot","bikol":"Maraot","kapampangan":"Marok","pangasinan":"Mauges","note":""},{"id":"pc-beautiful","category":"descriptions","english":"Beautiful","tagalog":"Maganda","ilocano":"Napintas","cebuano":"Gwapa","hiligaynon":"Matahum","waray":"Mahusay","bikol":"Magayon","kapampangan":"Malagu","pangasinan":"Marakep","note":"Bikol 'magayon' is the root behind Mayon, the volcano. Waray 'mahusay' means beautiful; in Tagalog the same word means skilled or well-arranged."},{"id":"pc-hot","category":"descriptions","english":"Hot","tagalog":"Mainit","ilocano":"Napudot","cebuano":"Init","hiligaynon":"Mainit","waray":"Mapaso","bikol":"Mainit","kapampangan":"Mapali","pangasinan":"Ampetang","note":""},{"id":"pc-cold","category":"descriptions","english":"Cold","tagalog":"Malamig","ilocano":"Nalamiis","cebuano":"Bugnaw","hiligaynon":"Mabugnaw","waray":"Mahagkot","bikol":"Malipot","kapampangan":"Malamig","pangasinan":"Ambetel","note":""},{"id":"pc-fast","category":"descriptions","english":"Fast","tagalog":"Mabilis","ilocano":"Napartak","cebuano":"Paspas","hiligaynon":"Madasig","waray":"Madagmit","bikol":"Marikas","kapampangan":"Malagwa","pangasinan":"Maples","note":""},{"id":"pc-iloveyou","category":"feelings","english":"I love you","tagalog":"Mahal kita","ilocano":"Ay-ayatenka","cebuano":"Gihigugma tika","hiligaynon":"Palangga ta ka","waray":"Hinihigugma ko ikaw","bikol":"Namumutan ta ka","kapampangan":"Kaluguran daka","pangasinan":"Inaro ta ka","note":"Eight languages and eight completely different verbs. This row alone answers the question of whether Philippine languages are 'dialects of each other'."},{"id":"pc-happy","category":"feelings","english":"Happy","tagalog":"Masaya","ilocano":"Naragsak","cebuano":"Malipayon","hiligaynon":"Malipayon","waray":"Malipayon","bikol":"Maugma","kapampangan":"Masaya","pangasinan":"Maliket","note":""},{"id":"pc-sad","category":"feelings","english":"Sad","tagalog":"Malungkot","ilocano":"Naliday","cebuano":"Guol","hiligaynon":"Masubo","waray":"Mabido","bikol":"Mamundo","kapampangan":"Malungkut","pangasinan":"Maermen","note":""},{"id":"pc-tired","category":"feelings","english":"Tired","tagalog":"Pagod","ilocano":"Nabannog","cebuano":"Gikapoy","hiligaynon":"Kapoy","waray":"Kapoy","bikol":"Pagal","kapampangan":"Mapagal","pangasinan":"Naksawan","note":""},{"id":"pc-angry","category":"feelings","english":"Angry","tagalog":"Galit","ilocano":"Nakaunget","cebuano":"Nasuko","hiligaynon":"Akig","waray":"Nasina","bikol":"Anggot","kapampangan":"Mua","pangasinan":"Pasnok","note":""},{"id":"pc-missyou","category":"feelings","english":"I miss you","tagalog":"Namimiss kita","ilocano":"Malmalagipka","cebuano":"Gimingaw ko nimo","hiligaynon":"Ginahidlaw ako sa imo","waray":"Ginhihidlaw ako ha imo","bikol":"Namimibian taka","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"pc-red","category":"colors","english":"Red","tagalog":"Pula","ilocano":"Nalabaga","cebuano":"Pula","hiligaynon":"Pula","waray":"Pula","bikol":"Pula","kapampangan":"Malutu","pangasinan":"Ambalanga","note":""},{"id":"pc-white","category":"colors","english":"White","tagalog":"Puti","ilocano":"Puraw","cebuano":"Puti","hiligaynon":"Puti","waray":"Busag","bikol":"Puti","kapampangan":"Maputi","pangasinan":"Amputi","note":""},{"id":"pc-black","category":"colors","english":"Black","tagalog":"Itim","ilocano":"Nangisit","cebuano":"Itom","hiligaynon":"Itom","waray":"Itom","bikol":"Itom","kapampangan":"Matuling","pangasinan":"Andeket","note":"Kapampangan 'matuling' is black. Tagalog 'matulin' — one letter apart — means fast."},{"id":"pc-blue","category":"colors","english":"Blue","tagalog":"Asul","ilocano":"Asul","cebuano":"Asul","hiligaynon":"Asul","waray":"Asul","bikol":"Asul","kapampangan":"Asul","pangasinan":"Asul","note":""},{"id":"pc-yellow","category":"colors","english":"Yellow","tagalog":"Dilaw","ilocano":"Duyaw","cebuano":"Dalag","hiligaynon":"Dalag","waray":"Dalag","bikol":"","kapampangan":"Dilo","pangasinan":"Duyaw","note":""},{"id":"pc-green","category":"colors","english":"Green","tagalog":"Berde","ilocano":"Berde","cebuano":"Berde","hiligaynon":"Berde","waray":"Berde","bikol":"Berde","kapampangan":"Aluntian","pangasinan":"Berde","note":"Only Kapampangan kept a native word. The other seven took the Spanish 'verde' and never replaced it."},{"id":"pc-sleep","category":"verbs","english":"To sleep","tagalog":"Matulog","ilocano":"Maturog","cebuano":"Matulog","hiligaynon":"Magtulog","waray":"Katurog","bikol":"Magturog","kapampangan":"Matudtud","pangasinan":"Onugip","note":""},{"id":"pc-see","category":"verbs","english":"To see","tagalog":"Makita","ilocano":"Makita","cebuano":"Makita","hiligaynon":"Makita","waray":"Makita","bikol":"Mahiling","kapampangan":"Akit","pangasinan":"Nengneng","note":""},{"id":"pc-say","category":"verbs","english":"To say","tagalog":"Sabihin","ilocano":"Ibaga","cebuano":"Isulti","hiligaynon":"Isiling","waray":"Sumatan","bikol":"Sabihon","kapampangan":"Sabian","pangasinan":"Ibaga","note":"Ilocano and Pangasinan share 'ibaga' — but in Tagalog 'baga' is an ember, and in Ilocano it is the colour red."},{"id":"pc-know","category":"verbs","english":"To know","tagalog":"Alam","ilocano":"Ammo","cebuano":"Kabalo","hiligaynon":"Kabalo","waray":"Maaram","bikol":"Aram","kapampangan":"Balu","pangasinan":"Amta","note":""},{"id":"pc-want","category":"verbs","english":"To want","tagalog":"Gusto","ilocano":"Kayat","cebuano":"Gusto","hiligaynon":"Gusto","waray":"Karuyag","bikol":"Gusto","kapampangan":"Buri","pangasinan":"Labay","note":"Kapampangan 'buri' is to want or like. In Tagalog 'buri' is a species of palm."},{"id":"pc-give","category":"verbs","english":"To give","tagalog":"Magbigay","ilocano":"Mangted","cebuano":"Mohatag","hiligaynon":"Maghatag","waray":"Humatag","bikol":"Magtao","kapampangan":"Mibie","pangasinan":"Mangiter","note":""},{"id":"pc-work","category":"verbs","english":"To work","tagalog":"Magtrabaho","ilocano":"Agtrabaho","cebuano":"Motrabaho","hiligaynon":"Magtrabaho","waray":"Magtrabaho","bikol":"Magtrabaho","kapampangan":"Magobra","pangasinan":"Mankimey","note":""},{"id":"pc-walk","category":"verbs","english":"To walk","tagalog":"Maglakad","ilocano":"Magna","cebuano":"Molakaw","hiligaynon":"Maglakat","waray":"Lumakat","bikol":"Maglakaw","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Manakar","note":""},{"id":"px-monday","category":"time","english":"Monday","tagalog":"Lunes","ilocano":"Lunes","cebuano":"Lunes","hiligaynon":"Lunes","waray":"Lunes","bikol":"Lunes","kapampangan":"Lunes","pangasinan":"Lunes","note":"All eight took the Spanish weekday names wholesale. Only Sunday diverges — see below."},{"id":"px-tuesday","category":"time","english":"Tuesday","tagalog":"Martes","ilocano":"Martes","cebuano":"Martes","hiligaynon":"Martes","waray":"Martes","bikol":"Martes","kapampangan":"Martes","pangasinan":"Martes","note":""},{"id":"px-wednesday","category":"time","english":"Wednesday","tagalog":"Miyerkules","ilocano":"Mierkoles","cebuano":"Miyerkules","hiligaynon":"Miyerkoles","waray":"Miyerkules","bikol":"Miyerkules","kapampangan":"Miyerkules","pangasinan":"Mierkoles","note":""},{"id":"px-thursday","category":"time","english":"Thursday","tagalog":"Huwebes","ilocano":"Huebes","cebuano":"Huwebes","hiligaynon":"Huwebes","waray":"Huwebes","bikol":"Huwebes","kapampangan":"Huwebes","pangasinan":"Huebes","note":""},{"id":"px-friday","category":"time","english":"Friday","tagalog":"Biyernes","ilocano":"Biernes","cebuano":"Biyernes","hiligaynon":"Biyernes","waray":"Biyernes","bikol":"Biyernes","kapampangan":"Biyernes","pangasinan":"Biernes","note":""},{"id":"px-saturday","category":"time","english":"Saturday","tagalog":"Sabado","ilocano":"Sabado","cebuano":"Sabado","hiligaynon":"Sabado","waray":"Sabado","bikol":"Sabado","kapampangan":"Sabado","pangasinan":"Sabado","note":""},{"id":"px-sunday","category":"time","english":"Sunday","tagalog":"Linggo","ilocano":"Domingo","cebuano":"Dominggo","hiligaynon":"Domingo","waray":"Dominggo","bikol":"Domingo","kapampangan":"Dominggo","pangasinan":"Simba","note":"Tagalog is the outlier: 'Linggo' where the rest kept 'Domingo'. Pangasinan went further and uses 'Simba', from the word for churchgoing — the same root Tagalog uses for the verb 'to attend mass'."},{"id":"px-noon","category":"time","english":"Noon","tagalog":"Tanghali","ilocano":"Tengnga ti aldaw","cebuano":"Udto","hiligaynon":"Udto","waray":"Udto","bikol":"Udto","kapampangan":"Ugtu","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-morning-n","category":"time","english":"Morning","tagalog":"Umaga","ilocano":"Bigat","cebuano":"Buntag","hiligaynon":"Aga","waray":"Aga","bikol":"Aga","kapampangan":"Abak","pangasinan":"Kabuasan","note":""},{"id":"px-later","category":"time","english":"Later","tagalog":"Mamaya","ilocano":"Madamdama","cebuano":"Unya","hiligaynon":"Karon","waray":"Niyan","bikol":"Mayamaya","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":"The sharpest time-word trap in the Visayas. Hiligaynon 'karon' means later; Cebuano 'karon' means now. The same word moves an appointment in opposite directions."},{"id":"px-hour","category":"time","english":"Hour","tagalog":"Oras","ilocano":"Oras","cebuano":"Oras","hiligaynon":"Oras","waray":"Oras","bikol":"Oras","kapampangan":"Oras","pangasinan":"Oras","note":""},{"id":"px-always","category":"time","english":"Always","tagalog":"Lagi","ilocano":"Kanayon","cebuano":"Kanunay","hiligaynon":"Pirme","waray":"Pirmi","bikol":"Pirmi","kapampangan":"Pane","pangasinan":"Naynay","note":""},{"id":"px-january","category":"months","english":"January","tagalog":"Enero","ilocano":"Enero","cebuano":"Enero","hiligaynon":"Enero","waray":"Enero","bikol":"Enero","kapampangan":"Enero","pangasinan":"Enero","note":"The month names are Spanish in all eight languages. What varies is spelling: Tagalog respells the Spanish f as p (Pebrero), while several of the others keep Febrero."},{"id":"px-february","category":"months","english":"February","tagalog":"Pebrero","ilocano":"Pebrero","cebuano":"Pebrero","hiligaynon":"Pebrero","waray":"Pebrero","bikol":"Pebrero","kapampangan":"Pebreru","pangasinan":"Pebrero","note":""},{"id":"px-march","category":"months","english":"March","tagalog":"Marso","ilocano":"Marso","cebuano":"Marso","hiligaynon":"Marso","waray":"Marso","bikol":"Marso","kapampangan":"Marsu","pangasinan":"Marso","note":""},{"id":"px-april","category":"months","english":"April","tagalog":"Abril","ilocano":"Abril","cebuano":"Abril","hiligaynon":"Abril","waray":"Abril","bikol":"Abril","kapampangan":"Abril","pangasinan":"Abril","note":""},{"id":"px-may","category":"months","english":"May","tagalog":"Mayo","ilocano":"Mayo","cebuano":"Mayo","hiligaynon":"Mayo","waray":"Mayo","bikol":"Mayo","kapampangan":"Mayu","pangasinan":"Mayo","note":""},{"id":"px-june","category":"months","english":"June","tagalog":"Hunyo","ilocano":"Hunio","cebuano":"Hunyo","hiligaynon":"Hunyo","waray":"Hunyo","bikol":"Hunyo","kapampangan":"Hunyu","pangasinan":"Hunio","note":""},{"id":"px-july","category":"months","english":"July","tagalog":"Hulyo","ilocano":"Hulio","cebuano":"Hulyo","hiligaynon":"Hulyo","waray":"Hulyo","bikol":"Hulyo","kapampangan":"Hulyu","pangasinan":"Hulio","note":""},{"id":"px-august","category":"months","english":"August","tagalog":"Agosto","ilocano":"Agosto","cebuano":"Agosto","hiligaynon":"Agosto","waray":"Agosto","bikol":"Agosto","kapampangan":"Agostu","pangasinan":"Agosto","note":""},{"id":"px-september","category":"months","english":"September","tagalog":"Setyembre","ilocano":"Setiembre","cebuano":"Septiyembre","hiligaynon":"Setyembre","waray":"Septiyembre","bikol":"Setyembre","kapampangan":"Setyembri","pangasinan":"Setiembre","note":""},{"id":"px-october","category":"months","english":"October","tagalog":"Oktubre","ilocano":"Oktubre","cebuano":"Oktubre","hiligaynon":"Oktubre","waray":"Oktubre","bikol":"Oktubre","kapampangan":"Oktubri","pangasinan":"Oktubre","note":""},{"id":"px-november","category":"months","english":"November","tagalog":"Nobyembre","ilocano":"Nobiembre","cebuano":"Nobyembre","hiligaynon":"Nobyembre","waray":"Nobyembre","bikol":"Nobyembre","kapampangan":"Nobyembri","pangasinan":"Nobiembre","note":""},{"id":"px-december","category":"months","english":"December","tagalog":"Disyembre","ilocano":"Disiembre","cebuano":"Disyembre","hiligaynon":"Disyembre","waray":"Disyembre","bikol":"Disyembre","kapampangan":"Disyembri","pangasinan":"Disiembre","note":""},{"id":"px-eleven","category":"numbers","english":"Eleven","tagalog":"Labing-isa","ilocano":"Sangapulo ket maysa","cebuano":"Napulog usa","hiligaynon":"Napulo kag isa","waray":"Napulo kag usa","bikol":"Kagsaro","kapampangan":"Labing metung","pangasinan":"Labinsakey","note":"Three different strategies for building teens: Tagalog and Kapampangan prefix labing-, the Visayan languages say 'ten and one', and Bikol has a dedicated form (kagsaro)."},{"id":"px-twelve","category":"numbers","english":"Twelve","tagalog":"Labindalawa","ilocano":"Sangapulo ket dua","cebuano":"Napulog duha","hiligaynon":"Napulo kag duha","waray":"Napulo kag duha","bikol":"Kagduwa","kapampangan":"Labingadwa","pangasinan":"Labinduara","note":""},{"id":"px-twenty","category":"numbers","english":"Twenty","tagalog":"Dalawampu","ilocano":"Duapulo","cebuano":"Kaluhaan","hiligaynon":"Kaluhaan","waray":"Karuhaan","bikol":"Duwang pulo","kapampangan":"Adwangpulu","pangasinan":"Duamplo","note":"Cebuano and Hiligaynon 'kaluhaan' bears no visible relation to their own word for two, duha. Waray's 'karuhaan' shows the same form after its regular l→r shift."},{"id":"px-thirty","category":"numbers","english":"Thirty","tagalog":"Tatlumpu","ilocano":"Tallopulo","cebuano":"Katloan","hiligaynon":"Katloan","waray":"Katloan","bikol":"Tulong pulo","kapampangan":"Atlungpulu","pangasinan":"Talomplo","note":""},{"id":"px-fifty","category":"numbers","english":"Fifty","tagalog":"Limampu","ilocano":"Limapulo","cebuano":"Kalim-an","hiligaynon":"Kalim-an","waray":"Kalim-an","bikol":"Limang pulo","kapampangan":"Limangpulu","pangasinan":"Limamplo","note":""},{"id":"px-hundred","category":"numbers","english":"One hundred","tagalog":"Isang daan","ilocano":"Sangagasut","cebuano":"Usa ka gatos","hiligaynon":"Isa ka gatos","waray":"Usa ka gatos","bikol":"Sanggatos","kapampangan":"Dinalan","pangasinan":"Sanlasus","note":"Kapampangan 'dinalan' and Pangasinan 'sanlasus' share nothing with the gatos/daan the rest use — another reminder that the Luzon languages are not a group."},{"id":"px-thousand","category":"numbers","english":"One thousand","tagalog":"Isang libo","ilocano":"Sangaribu","cebuano":"Usa ka libo","hiligaynon":"Isa ka libo","waray":"Usa ka libo","bikol":"Sangribo","kapampangan":"Libu","pangasinan":"Sanlibo","note":""},{"id":"px-dog","category":"animals","english":"Dog","tagalog":"Aso","ilocano":"Aso","cebuano":"Iro","hiligaynon":"Ido","waray":"Ayam","bikol":"Ayam","kapampangan":"Asu","pangasinan":"Aso","note":"Four unrelated words for the commonest domestic animal. Worth pairing with the Cebuano trap: 'aso' means smoke there, so the Tagalog word for dog is a real Cebuano word meaning something else entirely."},{"id":"px-cat","category":"animals","english":"Cat","tagalog":"Pusa","ilocano":"Pusa","cebuano":"Iring","hiligaynon":"Kuring","waray":"Uding","bikol":"Ikos","kapampangan":"Pusa","pangasinan":"Pusa","note":""},{"id":"px-carabao","category":"animals","english":"Carabao","tagalog":"Kalabaw","ilocano":"Nuang","cebuano":"Kabaw","hiligaynon":"Karabaw","waray":"Karabaw","bikol":"Karabaw","kapampangan":"Damulag","pangasinan":"Dueg","note":"The national animal, and three of the eight have their own word for it — Ilocano nuang, Kapampangan damulag, Pangasinan dueg."},{"id":"px-goat","category":"animals","english":"Goat","tagalog":"Kambing","ilocano":"Kalding","cebuano":"Kanding","hiligaynon":"Kanding","waray":"Kanding","bikol":"Kanding","kapampangan":"Kambing","pangasinan":"Kanding","note":""},{"id":"px-cow","category":"animals","english":"Cow","tagalog":"Baka","ilocano":"Baka","cebuano":"Baka","hiligaynon":"Baka","waray":"Baka","bikol":"Baka","kapampangan":"Baka","pangasinan":"Baka","note":""},{"id":"px-horse","category":"animals","english":"Horse","tagalog":"Kabayo","ilocano":"Kabalyo","cebuano":"Kabayo","hiligaynon":"Kabayo","waray":"Kabayo","bikol":"Kabayo","kapampangan":"Kabayu","pangasinan":"Kabayo","note":""},{"id":"px-snake","category":"animals","english":"Snake","tagalog":"Ahas","ilocano":"Uleg","cebuano":"Bitin","hiligaynon":"Man-ug","waray":"Halas","bikol":"Halas","kapampangan":"Ubingan","pangasinan":"Uleg","note":"Five unrelated words, and the one worth memorising before you need it. Ilocano and Pangasinan share 'uleg', which is unusual — the two rarely agree."},{"id":"px-bird","category":"animals","english":"Bird","tagalog":"Ibon","ilocano":"Billit","cebuano":"Langgam","hiligaynon":"Pispis","waray":"Tamsi","bikol":"Gamgam","kapampangan":"Ayup","pangasinan":"","note":"Cebuano 'langgam' is a bird; Tagalog 'langgam' is an ant. One of the most-cited false friends between the two largest languages in the country."},{"id":"px-rat","category":"animals","english":"Rat","tagalog":"Daga","ilocano":"Utot","cebuano":"Ilaga","hiligaynon":"Ilaga","waray":"Yatot","bikol":"","kapampangan":"Dagis","pangasinan":"","note":"Two traps in one row. Ilocano 'utot' is a rat and Tagalog 'utot' is a fart; Tagalog 'daga' is a rat and Ilocano 'daga' is land or soil."},{"id":"px-mosquito","category":"animals","english":"Mosquito","tagalog":"Lamok","ilocano":"Lamok","cebuano":"Lamok","hiligaynon":"Namok","waray":"Namok","bikol":"Lamok","kapampangan":"Amuk","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-river","category":"nature","english":"River","tagalog":"Ilog","ilocano":"Karayan","cebuano":"Suba","hiligaynon":"Suba","waray":"Salog","bikol":"Salog","kapampangan":"Ilug","pangasinan":"Ilog","note":"Waray and Bikol 'salog' looks close to Tagalog 'ilog' but is a separate root — and in Cebuano 'salog' is a floor."},{"id":"px-land","category":"nature","english":"Land, soil","tagalog":"Lupa","ilocano":"Daga","cebuano":"Yuta","hiligaynon":"Duta","waray":"Tuna","bikol":"Daga","kapampangan":"Gabun","pangasinan":"Dalin","note":"Six unrelated roots for the ground under your feet, and Ilocano 'daga' collides head-on with Tagalog, where it means a rat."},{"id":"px-tree","category":"nature","english":"Tree","tagalog":"Puno","ilocano":"Kayo","cebuano":"Kahoy","hiligaynon":"Kahoy","waray":"Kahoy","bikol":"Kahoy","kapampangan":"Dutung","pangasinan":"Kiew","note":""},{"id":"px-flower","category":"nature","english":"Flower","tagalog":"Bulaklak","ilocano":"Sabong","cebuano":"Bulak","hiligaynon":"Bulak","waray":"Bukad","bikol":"Burak","kapampangan":"Sampaga","pangasinan":"","note":"Ilocano 'sabong' is a flower. In Tagalog 'sabong' is cockfighting — an unusually large gap for two languages spoken on the same island."},{"id":"px-stone","category":"nature","english":"Stone","tagalog":"Bato","ilocano":"Bato","cebuano":"Bato","hiligaynon":"Bato","waray":"Bato","bikol":"Gapo","kapampangan":"Batu","pangasinan":"Bato","note":""},{"id":"px-wind","category":"nature","english":"Wind","tagalog":"Hangin","ilocano":"Angin","cebuano":"Hangin","hiligaynon":"Hangin","waray":"Hangin","bikol":"Duros","kapampangan":"Angin","pangasinan":"Dagem","note":""},{"id":"px-sky","category":"nature","english":"Sky","tagalog":"Langit","ilocano":"Langit","cebuano":"Langit","hiligaynon":"Langit","waray":"Langit","bikol":"Langit","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Tawen","note":"Pangasinan 'tawen' is the sky; Ilocano 'tawen' is a year. Two Northern Luzon languages, one word, no shared meaning."},{"id":"px-earthquake","category":"nature","english":"Earthquake","tagalog":"Lindol","ilocano":"Ginggined","cebuano":"Linog","hiligaynon":"Linog","waray":"Linog","bikol":"Linog","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Yegyeg","note":""},{"id":"px-typhoon","category":"nature","english":"Typhoon","tagalog":"Bagyo","ilocano":"Bagyo","cebuano":"Bagyo","hiligaynon":"Bagyo","waray":"Bagyo","bikol":"Bagyo","kapampangan":"Bagyu","pangasinan":"Bagyo","note":""},{"id":"px-bread","category":"food","english":"Bread","tagalog":"Tinapay","ilocano":"Tinapay","cebuano":"Pan","hiligaynon":"Tinapay","waray":"Tinapay","bikol":"Tinapay","kapampangan":"Tinape","pangasinan":"Tinapay","note":""},{"id":"px-sugar","category":"food","english":"Sugar","tagalog":"Asukal","ilocano":"Asukar","cebuano":"Asukal","hiligaynon":"Asukar","waray":"Asukar","bikol":"Asukar","kapampangan":"Asukal","pangasinan":"Asukal","note":""},{"id":"px-banana","category":"food","english":"Banana","tagalog":"Saging","ilocano":"Saba","cebuano":"Saging","hiligaynon":"Saging","waray":"Saging","bikol":"Batag","kapampangan":"Saging","pangasinan":"Saba","note":""},{"id":"px-coconut","category":"food","english":"Coconut","tagalog":"Niyog","ilocano":"Niog","cebuano":"Lubi","hiligaynon":"Lubi","waray":"Lubi","bikol":"Niyog","kapampangan":"Ungut","pangasinan":"Niyog","note":""},{"id":"px-mango","category":"food","english":"Mango","tagalog":"Mangga","ilocano":"Mangga","cebuano":"Mangga","hiligaynon":"Mangga","waray":"Mangga","bikol":"Mangga","kapampangan":"Mangga","pangasinan":"Mangga","note":""},{"id":"px-corn","category":"food","english":"Corn","tagalog":"Mais","ilocano":"Mais","cebuano":"Mais","hiligaynon":"Mais","waray":"Mais","bikol":"Mais","kapampangan":"Mais","pangasinan":"Mais","note":""},{"id":"px-garlic","category":"food","english":"Garlic","tagalog":"Bawang","ilocano":"Bawang","cebuano":"Ahos","hiligaynon":"Ahos","waray":"Ahos","bikol":"Bawang","kapampangan":"Bawang","pangasinan":"Bawang","note":"The Visayan languages took the Spanish 'ajos'; the Luzon languages kept the native 'bawang'."},{"id":"px-soup","category":"food","english":"Soup, broth","tagalog":"Sabaw","ilocano":"Digo","cebuano":"Sabaw","hiligaynon":"Sabaw","waray":"Sabaw","bikol":"Sabaw","kapampangan":"Sabo","pangasinan":"Sabaw","note":""},{"id":"px-sweet","category":"food","english":"Sweet","tagalog":"Matamis","ilocano":"Nasam-it","cebuano":"Tam-is","hiligaynon":"Matam-is","waray":"Matam-is","bikol":"Mahamis","kapampangan":"Mayumu","pangasinan":"Masamit","note":""},{"id":"px-sour","category":"food","english":"Sour","tagalog":"Maasim","ilocano":"Naalsem","cebuano":"Aslom","hiligaynon":"Maaslom","waray":"Maaslom","bikol":"Maalsom","kapampangan":"Maaslam","pangasinan":"Maalsem","note":""},{"id":"px-spicy","category":"food","english":"Spicy","tagalog":"Maanghang","ilocano":"Nagasang","cebuano":"Halang","hiligaynon":"Maharang","waray":"Mahalang","bikol":"Maharang","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-salty","category":"food","english":"Salty","tagalog":"Maalat","ilocano":"Naapgad","cebuano":"Parat","hiligaynon":"Maasin","waray":"Maalat","bikol":"Maalat","kapampangan":"Maalat","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-cook","category":"food","english":"To cook","tagalog":"Magluto","ilocano":"Agluto","cebuano":"Magluto","hiligaynon":"Magluto","waray":"Magluto","bikol":"Magluto","kapampangan":"Maglutu","pangasinan":"Manluto","note":""},{"id":"px-plate","category":"food","english":"Plate","tagalog":"Plato","ilocano":"Pinggan","cebuano":"Plato","hiligaynon":"Pinggan","waray":"Pinggan","bikol":"Platito","kapampangan":"Pinggan","pangasinan":"Pinggan","note":""},{"id":"px-spoon","category":"food","english":"Spoon","tagalog":"Kutsara","ilocano":"Kutsara","cebuano":"Kutsara","hiligaynon":"Kutsara","waray":"Kutsara","bikol":"Kutsara","kapampangan":"Kutsara","pangasinan":"Kutsara","note":""},{"id":"px-tea","category":"drinks","english":"Tea","tagalog":"Tsaa","ilocano":"Tsaa","cebuano":"Tsa","hiligaynon":"Tsa","waray":"Tsa","bikol":"Tsaa","kapampangan":"Tsa","pangasinan":"Tsa","note":""},{"id":"px-beer","category":"drinks","english":"Beer","tagalog":"Serbesa","ilocano":"Serbesa","cebuano":"Beer","hiligaynon":"Beer","waray":"Beer","bikol":"Serbesa","kapampangan":"Serbesa","pangasinan":"Serbesa","note":""},{"id":"px-hot-drink","category":"drinks","english":"Hot water","tagalog":"Mainit na tubig","ilocano":"Napudot a danum","cebuano":"Init nga tubig","hiligaynon":"Mainit nga tubig","waray":"Mapaso nga tubig","bikol":"Mainit na tubig","kapampangan":"Mapali a danum","pangasinan":"Ampetang a danum","note":""},{"id":"px-cold-drink","category":"drinks","english":"Cold water","tagalog":"Malamig na tubig","ilocano":"Nalamiis a danum","cebuano":"Bugnaw nga tubig","hiligaynon":"Mabugnaw nga tubig","waray":"Mahagkot nga tubig","bikol":"Malipot na tubig","kapampangan":"Malamig a danum","pangasinan":"Ambetel a danum","note":""},{"id":"px-road","category":"transport","english":"Road","tagalog":"Daan","ilocano":"Dalan","cebuano":"Dalan","hiligaynon":"Dalan","waray":"Dalan","bikol":"Tinampo","kapampangan":"Dalan","pangasinan":"Dalan","note":"Seven of the eight use 'dalan'. Tagalog's 'daan' is the same root worn down, and Bikol went its own way with 'tinampo'."},{"id":"px-boat","category":"transport","english":"Boat","tagalog":"Bangka","ilocano":"Bangka","cebuano":"Bangka","hiligaynon":"Baroto","waray":"Baroto","bikol":"Baroto","kapampangan":"Bangka","pangasinan":"Baloto","note":""},{"id":"px-car","category":"transport","english":"Car","tagalog":"Kotse","ilocano":"Lugan","cebuano":"Sakyanan","hiligaynon":"Salakyan","waray":"Awto","bikol":"Awto","kapampangan":"Kotsi","pangasinan":"Luganan","note":""},{"id":"px-ride","category":"transport","english":"To ride","tagalog":"Sumakay","ilocano":"Lumugan","cebuano":"Mosakay","hiligaynon":"Magsakay","waray":"Sumakay","bikol":"Magsakay","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Onlugan","note":""},{"id":"px-stop-here","category":"transport","english":"Stop here, please","tagalog":"Para po","ilocano":"Para man","cebuano":"Para lang","hiligaynon":"Para lang","waray":"Para anay","bikol":"Para tabi","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Para la","note":"'Para' comes from Spanish 'parar', to stop, and is the universal way to get off a jeepney anywhere in the country."},{"id":"px-where-going","category":"transport","english":"Where are you going?","tagalog":"Saan ka pupunta?","ilocano":"Papanam?","cebuano":"Asa ka paingon?","hiligaynon":"Diin ka makadto?","waray":"Hain ka makadto?","bikol":"Sain ka maduman?","kapampangan":"Nokarin ka munta?","pangasinan":"Iner so laen mo?","note":""},{"id":"px-ticket","category":"transport","english":"Ticket","tagalog":"Tiket","ilocano":"Tiket","cebuano":"Tiket","hiligaynon":"Tiket","waray":"Tiket","bikol":"Tiket","kapampangan":"Tiket","pangasinan":"Tiket","note":""},{"id":"px-key","category":"lodging","english":"Key","tagalog":"Susi","ilocano":"Tulbek","cebuano":"Yawi","hiligaynon":"Yabi","waray":"Yawi","bikol":"Yaba","kapampangan":"Susi","pangasinan":"","note":"Another row where nothing carries over. Ilocano 'tulbek' and Tagalog 'susi' share no history at all."},{"id":"px-door","category":"lodging","english":"Door","tagalog":"Pinto","ilocano":"Ruangan","cebuano":"Pultahan","hiligaynon":"Puertahan","waray":"Purtahan","bikol":"Pinto","kapampangan":"Pasbul","pangasinan":"Puerta","note":""},{"id":"px-window","category":"lodging","english":"Window","tagalog":"Bintana","ilocano":"Tawa","cebuano":"Bintana","hiligaynon":"Bintana","waray":"Bintana","bikol":"Bintana","kapampangan":"Awang","pangasinan":"Bintana","note":"Ilocano 'tawa' is a window. In Tagalog it is laughter."},{"id":"px-room","category":"lodging","english":"Room","tagalog":"Kuwarto","ilocano":"Kuarto","cebuano":"Kuwarto","hiligaynon":"Kuwarto","waray":"Kuwarto","bikol":"Kuwarto","kapampangan":"Kuartu","pangasinan":"Kuarto","note":""},{"id":"px-bed","category":"lodging","english":"Bed","tagalog":"Kama","ilocano":"Kama","cebuano":"Katre","hiligaynon":"Katre","waray":"Katre","bikol":"Katre","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Dukolan","note":""},{"id":"px-toilet","category":"lodging","english":"Toilet","tagalog":"Banyo","ilocano":"Banio","cebuano":"Kasilyas","hiligaynon":"Kasilyas","waray":"Kasilyas","bikol":"Kasilyas","kapampangan":"Banyu","pangasinan":"Kasilyas","note":""},{"id":"px-clothes","category":"shopping","english":"Clothes","tagalog":"Damit","ilocano":"Badu","cebuano":"Sinina","hiligaynon":"Panapton","waray":"Bado","bikol":"Bado","kapampangan":"Imalan","pangasinan":"Kawes","note":""},{"id":"px-shoes","category":"shopping","english":"Shoes","tagalog":"Sapatos","ilocano":"Sapatos","cebuano":"Sapatos","hiligaynon":"Sapatos","waray":"Sapatos","bikol":"Sapatos","kapampangan":"Sapatus","pangasinan":"Sapatos","note":""},{"id":"px-medicine","category":"shopping","english":"Medicine","tagalog":"Gamot","ilocano":"Agas","cebuano":"Tambal","hiligaynon":"Bulong","waray":"Tambal","bikol":"Bulong","kapampangan":"Ambun","pangasinan":"","note":"Worth knowing before a pharmacy visit, and the source of a nasty trap: Tagalog 'gamot' is medicine, but in the Visayan languages the same word means a root."},{"id":"px-soap","category":"shopping","english":"Soap","tagalog":"Sabon","ilocano":"Sabon","cebuano":"Sabon","hiligaynon":"Sabon","waray":"Sabon","bikol":"Sabon","kapampangan":"Sabun","pangasinan":"Sabon","note":""},{"id":"px-book","category":"shopping","english":"Book","tagalog":"Libro","ilocano":"Libro","cebuano":"Libro","hiligaynon":"Libro","waray":"Libro","bikol":"Libro","kapampangan":"Libru","pangasinan":"Libro","note":""},{"id":"px-paper","category":"shopping","english":"Paper","tagalog":"Papel","ilocano":"Papel","cebuano":"Papel","hiligaynon":"Papel","waray":"Papel","bikol":"Papel","kapampangan":"Papil","pangasinan":"Papel","note":""},{"id":"px-howmuch-this","category":"market","english":"How much is this?","tagalog":"Magkano ito?","ilocano":"Manu daytoy?","cebuano":"Tagpila ni?","hiligaynon":"Tagpila ini?","waray":"Tagpira ini?","bikol":"Pira ini?","kapampangan":"Magkanu ini?","pangasinan":"Pigaray?","note":""},{"id":"px-too-expensive","category":"market","english":"That's too expensive","tagalog":"Masyadong mahal","ilocano":"Nangina unay","cebuano":"Mahal kaayo","hiligaynon":"Mahal gid","waray":"Mahal hinduro","bikol":"Mahal na marhay","kapampangan":"Maal ya","pangasinan":"Mabli ya maong","note":""},{"id":"px-discount","category":"market","english":"Can you lower the price?","tagalog":"Pwedeng tawad?","ilocano":"Mabalin nga ibaba?","cebuano":"Pwede hangyo?","hiligaynon":"Pwede hangyo?","waray":"Pwede ba pakubaan?","bikol":"Pwede tawad?","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-sell","category":"market","english":"To sell","tagalog":"Magbenta","ilocano":"Aglako","cebuano":"Mobaligya","hiligaynon":"Magbaligya","waray":"Magbaligya","bikol":"Magtinda","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Manlako","note":""},{"id":"px-speak","category":"verbs","english":"To speak","tagalog":"Magsalita","ilocano":"Agsao","cebuano":"Mosulti","hiligaynon":"Maghambal","waray":"Magyakan","bikol":"Magtaram","kapampangan":"Magsalita","pangasinan":"Mansalita","note":"The Visayan languages disagree with each other completely here — sulti, hambal, yakan — which is a useful corrective to the idea that they are one language."},{"id":"px-listen","category":"verbs","english":"To listen","tagalog":"Makinig","ilocano":"Dumngeg","cebuano":"Maminaw","hiligaynon":"Mamati","waray":"Pamati","bikol":"Maghinanyog","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Ondengel","note":""},{"id":"px-write","category":"verbs","english":"To write","tagalog":"Sumulat","ilocano":"Agsurat","cebuano":"Mosulat","hiligaynon":"Magsulat","waray":"Sumurat","bikol":"Magsurat","kapampangan":"Sumulat","pangasinan":"Mansulat","note":""},{"id":"px-read","category":"verbs","english":"To read","tagalog":"Magbasa","ilocano":"Agbasa","cebuano":"Mobasa","hiligaynon":"Magbasa","waray":"Magbasa","bikol":"Magbasa","kapampangan":"Magbasa","pangasinan":"Manbasa","note":""},{"id":"px-sit","category":"verbs","english":"To sit","tagalog":"Umupo","ilocano":"Agtugaw","cebuano":"Molingkod","hiligaynon":"Maglingkod","waray":"Lumingkod","bikol":"Magtukaw","kapampangan":"Lukluk","pangasinan":"Onyurong","note":""},{"id":"px-stand","category":"verbs","english":"To stand","tagalog":"Tumayo","ilocano":"Tumakder","cebuano":"Motindog","hiligaynon":"Magtindog","waray":"Tumindog","bikol":"Magtindog","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Onalagey","note":""},{"id":"px-run","category":"verbs","english":"To run","tagalog":"Tumakbo","ilocano":"Agtaray","cebuano":"Modagan","hiligaynon":"Magdalagan","waray":"Dumalagan","bikol":"Magdalagan","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Ombatik","note":""},{"id":"px-wait","category":"verbs","english":"To wait","tagalog":"Maghintay","ilocano":"Aguray","cebuano":"Maghulat","hiligaynon":"Maghulat","waray":"Maghulat","bikol":"Maghalat","kapampangan":"Manaya","pangasinan":"Manalagar","note":""},{"id":"px-open","category":"verbs","english":"To open","tagalog":"Buksan","ilocano":"Luktan","cebuano":"Ablihan","hiligaynon":"Buksan","waray":"Abrihan","bikol":"Buksan","kapampangan":"Buklat","pangasinan":"Lukasan","note":""},{"id":"px-close","category":"verbs","english":"To close","tagalog":"Isara","ilocano":"Irikep","cebuano":"Sirad-an","hiligaynon":"Sirhan","waray":"Sarhan","bikol":"Isara","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Kapotan","note":""},{"id":"px-wash","category":"verbs","english":"To wash","tagalog":"Maghugas","ilocano":"Agugas","cebuano":"Manghugas","hiligaynon":"Maghugas","waray":"Maghugas","bikol":"Maghugas","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-come","category":"verbs","english":"To come here","tagalog":"Pumunta rito","ilocano":"Umay ditoy","cebuano":"Moanhi","hiligaynon":"Magkari","waray":"Kumadi","bikol":"Magdigdi","kapampangan":"Ume keni","pangasinan":"Gala dia","note":""},{"id":"px-new","category":"descriptions","english":"New","tagalog":"Bago","ilocano":"Baro","cebuano":"Bag-o","hiligaynon":"Bag-o","waray":"Bag-o","bikol":"Bago","kapampangan":"Bayu","pangasinan":"Balo","note":""},{"id":"px-old-thing","category":"descriptions","english":"Old (of a thing)","tagalog":"Luma","ilocano":"Daan","cebuano":"Daan","hiligaynon":"Daan","waray":"Daan","bikol":"Luma","kapampangan":"Luma","pangasinan":"Daan","note":"Ilocano and the Visayan languages use 'daan' for old — the same string Tagalog uses for a road."},{"id":"px-old-person","category":"descriptions","english":"Old (of a person)","tagalog":"Matanda","ilocano":"Lakay","cebuano":"Tigulang","hiligaynon":"Tigulang","waray":"Lagas","bikol":"Gurang","kapampangan":"Matua","pangasinan":"Masiken","note":"Ilocano 'lakay' is an old man specifically; 'baket' is the word for an old woman, and that one collides with Kapampangan 'baket', meaning why."},{"id":"px-many","category":"descriptions","english":"Many","tagalog":"Marami","ilocano":"Adu","cebuano":"Daghan","hiligaynon":"Madamo","waray":"Damo","bikol":"Dakol","kapampangan":"Dakal","pangasinan":"Dakel","note":""},{"id":"px-few","category":"descriptions","english":"Few","tagalog":"Kaunti","ilocano":"Bassit","cebuano":"Gamay","hiligaynon":"Diutay","waray":"Gutiay","bikol":"Kadikit","kapampangan":"Ditak","pangasinan":"Daiset","note":""},{"id":"px-long","category":"descriptions","english":"Long","tagalog":"Mahaba","ilocano":"Atiddog","cebuano":"Taas","hiligaynon":"Malaba","waray":"Halaba","bikol":"Halaba","kapampangan":"Makaba","pangasinan":"Andukey","note":""},{"id":"px-short","category":"descriptions","english":"Short","tagalog":"Maikli","ilocano":"Ababa","cebuano":"Mubo","hiligaynon":"Malip-ot","waray":"Halipot","bikol":"Halipot","kapampangan":"Makuyad","pangasinan":"Antikey","note":""},{"id":"px-heavy","category":"descriptions","english":"Heavy","tagalog":"Mabigat","ilocano":"Nadagsen","cebuano":"Bug-at","hiligaynon":"Mabug-at","waray":"Mabug-at","bikol":"Magabat","kapampangan":"Mabayat","pangasinan":"Ambelat","note":""},{"id":"px-clean","category":"descriptions","english":"Clean","tagalog":"Malinis","ilocano":"Nadalus","cebuano":"Limpyo","hiligaynon":"Matinlo","waray":"Limpyo","bikol":"Malinig","kapampangan":"Malinis","pangasinan":"Malinis","note":""},{"id":"px-dirty","category":"descriptions","english":"Dirty","tagalog":"Marumi","ilocano":"Narugit","cebuano":"Hugaw","hiligaynon":"Mahigko","waray":"Mahugaw","bikol":"Maati","kapampangan":"Marinat","pangasinan":"Marutak","note":""},{"id":"px-hair","category":"body","english":"Hair","tagalog":"Buhok","ilocano":"Buok","cebuano":"Buhok","hiligaynon":"Buhok","waray":"Buhok","bikol":"Buhok","kapampangan":"Buak","pangasinan":"Buek","note":""},{"id":"px-ear","category":"body","english":"Ear","tagalog":"Tainga","ilocano":"Lapayag","cebuano":"Dalunggan","hiligaynon":"Dulunggan","waray":"Talinga","bikol":"Talinga","kapampangan":"Balugbug","pangasinan":"Layag","note":""},{"id":"px-nose","category":"body","english":"Nose","tagalog":"Ilong","ilocano":"Agong","cebuano":"Ilong","hiligaynon":"Ilong","waray":"Irong","bikol":"Dungo","kapampangan":"Arung","pangasinan":"Eleng","note":""},{"id":"px-tooth","category":"body","english":"Tooth","tagalog":"Ngipin","ilocano":"Ngipen","cebuano":"Ngipon","hiligaynon":"Ngipon","waray":"Ngipon","bikol":"Ngipon","kapampangan":"Ipan","pangasinan":"Ngipen","note":""},{"id":"px-blood","category":"body","english":"Blood","tagalog":"Dugo","ilocano":"Daya","cebuano":"Dugo","hiligaynon":"Dugo","waray":"Dugo","bikol":"Dugo","kapampangan":"Daya","pangasinan":"Dala","note":"Ilocano and Kapampangan both say 'daya' for blood — and in Tagalog and Cebuano the same word means cheating. Worth care in any medical setting."},{"id":"px-heart","category":"body","english":"Heart","tagalog":"Puso","ilocano":"Puso","cebuano":"Kasingkasing","hiligaynon":"Tagipusuon","waray":"Kasingkasing","bikol":"Puso","kapampangan":"Pusu","pangasinan":"Puso","note":""},{"id":"px-fire-alarm","category":"emergency","english":"Fire!","tagalog":"Sunog!","ilocano":"Uram!","cebuano":"Sunog!","hiligaynon":"Sunog!","waray":"Sunog!","bikol":"Kalayo!","kapampangan":"Api!","pangasinan":"Apoy!","note":"Bikol shouts 'Kalayo!', which in Tagalog would be parsed as 'distance'. In an emergency that is the worst possible ambiguity."},{"id":"px-thief","category":"emergency","english":"Thief!","tagalog":"Magnanakaw!","ilocano":"Mannanakaw!","cebuano":"Kawatan!","hiligaynon":"Kawatan!","waray":"Kawatan!","bikol":"Parahabon!","kapampangan":"Manako!","pangasinan":"Matakew!","note":""},{"id":"px-careful","category":"emergency","english":"Be careful","tagalog":"Mag-ingat ka","ilocano":"Agannad ka","cebuano":"Pag-amping","hiligaynon":"Maghalong","waray":"Pag-amping","bikol":"Mag-ingat ka","kapampangan":"Mingat ka","pangasinan":"Manalwar ka","note":""},{"id":"px-lost","category":"emergency","english":"I am lost","tagalog":"Naligaw ako","ilocano":"Napukawak","cebuano":"Nawala ko","hiligaynon":"Nadula ako","waray":"Nawara ako","bikol":"Nawara ako","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Abalang ak","note":""},{"id":"px-fever","category":"emergency","english":"Fever","tagalog":"Lagnat","ilocano":"Gurigor","cebuano":"Hilanat","hiligaynon":"Hilanat","waray":"Hilanat","bikol":"Kalintura","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Petang","note":""},{"id":"px-headache","category":"emergency","english":"Headache","tagalog":"Sakit ng ulo","ilocano":"Sakit ti ulo","cebuano":"Labad sa ulo","hiligaynon":"Sakit sang ulo","waray":"Ul-ul han ulo","bikol":"Kulog kan payo","kapampangan":"Masakit ing buntuk","pangasinan":"Ansakit so ulok","note":""},{"id":"px-name-n","category":"family","english":"Name","tagalog":"Pangalan","ilocano":"Nagan","cebuano":"Ngalan","hiligaynon":"Ngalan","waray":"Ngaran","bikol":"Pangaran","kapampangan":"Lagyu","pangasinan":"Ngaran","note":""},{"id":"px-neighbour","category":"family","english":"Neighbour","tagalog":"Kapitbahay","ilocano":"Kaarruba","cebuano":"Silingan","hiligaynon":"Kaingod","waray":"Amyaw","bikol":"Kataning","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"Kaabay","note":""},{"id":"px-baby","category":"family","english":"Baby","tagalog":"Sanggol","ilocano":"Maladaga","cebuano":"Masuso","hiligaynon":"Lapsag","waray":"Minasuso","bikol":"Umboy","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-uncle","category":"family","english":"Uncle","tagalog":"Tiyo","ilocano":"Uliteg","cebuano":"Uyoan","hiligaynon":"Tiyo","waray":"Tiyo","bikol":"Tiyo","kapampangan":"Bapa","pangasinan":"Uliteg","note":""},{"id":"px-aunt","category":"family","english":"Aunt","tagalog":"Tiya","ilocano":"Ikit","cebuano":"Iyaan","hiligaynon":"Tiya","waray":"Tiya","bikol":"Tiya","kapampangan":"Dara","pangasinan":"Ikit","note":""},{"id":"px-goodnight","category":"greetings","english":"Good night (on parting)","tagalog":"Magandang gabi","ilocano":"Naimbag a rabii","cebuano":"Maayong gabii","hiligaynon":"Maayong gab-i","waray":"Maupay nga gab-i","bikol":"Marhay na banggi","kapampangan":"Mayap a bengi","pangasinan":"Maabig ya labi","note":""},{"id":"px-longtime","category":"greetings","english":"Long time no see","tagalog":"Ang tagal nating hindi nagkita","ilocano":"Nabayagen a saantayo nagkikita","cebuano":"Dugay na ta wala magkita","hiligaynon":"Dugay na kita wala magkitaay","waray":"Maiha na kita waray magkita","bikol":"","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-excuse-me","category":"courtesy","english":"Excuse me","tagalog":"Makikiraan po","ilocano":"Umisu man","cebuano":"Tabi lang","hiligaynon":"Tabi lang","waray":"Tabi anay","bikol":"Tabi po","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-no-problem","category":"courtesy","english":"No problem","tagalog":"Walang problema","ilocano":"Awan problema","cebuano":"Walay problema","hiligaynon":"Wala problema","waray":"Waray problema","bikol":"Mayong problema","kapampangan":"Alang problema","pangasinan":"Anggapoy problema","note":"The word for 'none' is the giveaway: wala, awan, walay, waray, mayo. Waray-speakers are named after theirs."},{"id":"px-take-care","category":"courtesy","english":"Take care","tagalog":"Ingat ka","ilocano":"Agannadka","cebuano":"Ayo-ayo","hiligaynon":"Halong","waray":"Pag-ayo-ayo","bikol":"Mag-ingat ka","kapampangan":"Mingat ka","pangasinan":"Manalwar ka","note":""},{"id":"px-afraid","category":"feelings","english":"Afraid","tagalog":"Takot","ilocano":"Mabuteng","cebuano":"Nahadlok","hiligaynon":"Hadlok","waray":"Nahahadlok","bikol":"Takot","kapampangan":"Matakut","pangasinan":"Antakot","note":""},{"id":"px-surprised","category":"feelings","english":"Surprised","tagalog":"Nagulat","ilocano":"Nasdaaw","cebuano":"Nakuratan","hiligaynon":"Nakibot","waray":"Nakuratan","bikol":"Nagkukurahaw","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-bored","category":"feelings","english":"Bored","tagalog":"Inip","ilocano":"Naumaak","cebuano":"Gilaayan","hiligaynon":"Natak-an","waray":"Naumod","bikol":"","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-i-understand","category":"language","english":"I understand","tagalog":"Naiintindihan ko","ilocano":"Maawatak","cebuano":"Kasabot ko","hiligaynon":"Nakaintiendi ako","waray":"Nakakaintindi ako","bikol":"Nasasabutan ko","kapampangan":"Aintindian ku","pangasinan":"Natatalosan ko","note":""},{"id":"px-what-called","category":"language","english":"What is this called?","tagalog":"Ano ang tawag dito?","ilocano":"Ania ti awag daytoy?","cebuano":"Unsa'y tawag ani?","hiligaynon":"Ano ang tawag sini?","waray":"Ano an tawag hini?","bikol":"Ano an apod kaini?","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-how-say","category":"language","english":"How do you say this?","tagalog":"Paano mo ito sabihin?","ilocano":"Kasano nga ibaga daytoy?","cebuano":"Unsaon ni pagsulti?","hiligaynon":"Paano ini hambalon?","waray":"Paonan-o ini yakanon?","bikol":"","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-straight","category":"directions","english":"Straight ahead","tagalog":"Diretso","ilocano":"Diretso","cebuano":"Diretso","hiligaynon":"Diretso","waray":"Diretso","bikol":"Diretso","kapampangan":"Diretsu","pangasinan":"Diretso","note":""},{"id":"px-up","category":"directions","english":"Up","tagalog":"Taas","ilocano":"Ngato","cebuano":"Taas","hiligaynon":"Ibabaw","waray":"Igbaw","bikol":"Itaas","kapampangan":"Babo","pangasinan":"Tagey","note":""},{"id":"px-down","category":"directions","english":"Down","tagalog":"Baba","ilocano":"Baba","cebuano":"Ubos","hiligaynon":"Idalom","waray":"Ilarom","bikol":"Ibaba","kapampangan":"Lalam","pangasinan":"Leksab","note":""},{"id":"px-inside","category":"directions","english":"Inside","tagalog":"Loob","ilocano":"Uneg","cebuano":"Sulod","hiligaynon":"Sulod","waray":"Sulod","bikol":"Laog","kapampangan":"Lub","pangasinan":"","note":""},{"id":"px-outside","category":"directions","english":"Outside","tagalog":"Labas","ilocano":"Ruar","cebuano":"Gawas","hiligaynon":"Guwa","waray":"Gawas","bikol":"Luwas","kapampangan":"Palual","pangasinan":"Paway","note":""},{"id":"px-orange","category":"colors","english":"Orange","tagalog":"Kahel","ilocano":"Kahel","cebuano":"Kahel","hiligaynon":"Kahel","waray":"Kahel","bikol":"Kahel","kapampangan":"Kahel","pangasinan":"Kahel","note":""},{"id":"px-grey","category":"colors","english":"Grey","tagalog":"Abuhin","ilocano":"Dapo","cebuano":"Abuhon","hiligaynon":"Abuhon","waray":"Abuhon","bikol":"Abuhon","kapampangan":"","pangasinan":"","note":"Every one of these is built on the word for ash — abo, dapo — rather than being a colour term of its own."}]}